Co-Application of Biochar with Different Soil Amendments Regulates Bacterial Communities in Saline–Alkaline Soil and Promotes Oat Growth, Yield, and Quality
Soil salinization has become a major constraint on sustainable agricultural development and the improvement of crop productivity. However, the effects of biochar combined with different organic amendments on the microbial ecology of saline–alkaline soils and crop performance remain insufficiently understood. This study evaluated the effects of different amendment strategies, including sole applications of fulvic acid (FA), organic fertilizer (OF), and biochar (BC), as well as their combinations. Soil bacterial community composition, richness, and diversity, oat agronomic traits, hay yield, and forage quality indicators were assessed. Spearman correlation analysis and the Mantel test were employed to examine the relationships among soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and crop performance. Combined applications exerted stronger effects on modulating soil bacterial community composition than sole applications, while FA, BC, or their combinations significantly enhanced bacterial richness and diversity. Crop responses exhibited distinct functional differentiation among combined treatments. The biochar combined with fulvic acid (BC + FA) treatment showed the greatest potential for promoting oat growth and increasing yield, with plant height and stem diameter reaching 99.20 cm and 3.99 mm, respectively, and hay yield increasing by 48.5% compared with the control treatment. In contrast, the biochar combined with organic fertilizer (BC + OF) treatment significantly increased crude protein content (CP) and reduced acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents, indicating improved forage quality. Although the crude fat content was numerically higher under BC + OF, no significant differences were observed among treatments. Correlation analyses further revealed that changes in soil physicochemical properties were associated with variations in several dominant bacterial genera, which were correlated with oat agronomic traits and forage quality indicators. Overall, the combined application of biochar with fulvic acid or organic fertilizer improved saline-alkaline soil microbial characteristics and showed potential for enhancing forage oat yield and quality, with BC + FA primarily improving yield production and BC + OF mainly enhancing forage quality.
The application of biochar and bioorganic fertilizer (BOF) in agricultural systems has garnered increasing attention in recent years. Nevertheless, research remains scarce on the impacts of biochar and BOF on the rhizosphere microecological characteristics of saline-alkali soils. This research involved the execution and analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing using Illumina technology to explore how biochar, whether used alone or in conjunction with BOF, along with varying application rates, impacts the microbial community in the saline-alkali rhizosphere soil during quinoa cultivation. In the conducted field trial, sole BOF application, sole biochar application, and their combined application (referred to as BOFB) led to a substantial enhancement of 23.88%, 74.08–97.00%, and 188.88–220.59% in quinoa aerial biomass, respectively. Meanwhile, sole biochar application or biochar combined with BOF reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC) by 26.42–39.81%. Biochar and BOF significantly improved most soil parameters, with the exception of total phosphorus (TP). In comparison to the control (CK), the relative abundances of Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Skermanella, and Bacillus were elevated in the biochar and BOFB treatments, while Sphingomonas was more abundant in the BOF treatment. In addition, Skermanella exhibited a significant positive correlation with EC and available potassium (AK). Biochar exerted a stronger effect on soil bacterial community structure than BOF. Furthermore, the complexity of the bacterial community in biochar and BOFB treatments far exceeded that in the BOF and CK treatments. Overall, the application of biochar effectively reduced soil EC and improved soil fertility, enhanced bacterial community stability, and optimized bacterial community structure, thereby increasing quinoa aerial biomass. Under the conditions of this study, the optimal application rate for biochar was 15 t/ha, and the combined application of biochar and BOF produced superior effects relative to either amendment alone.
Soil acidification severely threatens soil health, tea quality and yield in tea plantations, making it essential to use appropriate soil amendments to address this issue. Biochar can enhance the agricultural soil environment, but its effects on microbial communities, soil fertility, tea quality and yield remain incompletely understood. In this field study, three treatments were applied in a strongly acidic tea plantation: CK (traditional fertilization), BC1 (CK with 4.5 t ha−1 biochar) and BC2 (CK with 9 t ha−1 biochar). Soil chemical properties, microbial communities, tea quality and yield were measured, and their correlations were analyzed. Compared with CK, BC2 significantly increased soil pH from 4.25 to 4.58 and elevated soil total carbon, total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen by 99.18%, 21.29% and 166.67%, respectively. The BC2 treatment also enhanced soil microbial diversity and increased the relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacterial genera, which were positively correlated with improved tea quality and yield. In particular, BC2 increased free amino acids, water extracts (WE) and tea yield by 10.64%, 13.01% and 13.65%, respectively. Applying biochar at 9 t ha−1 combined with traditional fertilization appears to be a promising management practice under the conditions of this study to improve soil conditions, tea quality and yield in strongly acidic plantations.
Xianyu Cheng, Xinyue Zhang, Diao Yan et al.· Agronomy· 0 citations
Soil nutrient depletion severely constrains crop productivity in degraded and saline environments. Strategies such as biochar–compost integration could be useful for sustainable agriculture and land restoration on a global scale. This study evaluated the effects of biochar (1% Bc), compost (1% Co), and their blends (0.5% Bc + 0.5% Co and 1% Bc + 1% Co) on soil properties, growth, physiology and nutrient balance of the halophytic fodder crop
P. antidotale
under controlled greenhouse conditions. The 0.5% Bc + 0.5% Co treatment increased total plant biomass by 68%, net photosynthesis by 68% and stomatal conductance by 90% compared to the control while soil water holding capacity and CO
2
flux were also significantly enhanced. Sole biochar improved leaf water‐use efficiency (18%) and maximized K
+
/Na
+
ratios across plant organs, indicating improved ionic balance under nutrient‐poor soil conditions. Biochar–compost blends significantly increased leaf nitrogen (25%) and carbon (4%) concentrations relative to untreated plants with the lower mixture ratio consistently outperforming higher amendment levels. These responses are likely mediated through improved soil water retention, nutrient availability and rhizosphere functioning. Overall, integrating moderate biochar–compost amendments offers an effective and scalable strategy for enhancing halophyte productivity and soil quality in degraded agroecosystems.
Z. Abideen, Maria Hasnain, H. Koyro et al.· Land Degradation & Devel...· 0 citations
Biochar has been used to improve soils and promote sustainable agricultural development. The effects of applying different doses of biochar on soil aggregate structure and stability, aggregate-associated microbial communities, aggregate carbon fractions, and underlying mechanisms in planted forest soil ecosystems remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of biochar amendment (7 years) on carbon stabilization in plantation soils. The effects of biochar application (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) on water-stable aggregate distribution, stability indices such as mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), and fractal dimension (D), aggregate-associated microbial communities (fungal and bacterial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs)), and carbon fractions such as soil organic carbon (SOC), easily oxidized organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), recalcitrant organic carbon (ROC) and black carbon (BC) were investigated based on a seven-year in situ field experiment in a Eucalyptus plantation in northern Guangxi. The results showed that after 7 years, biochar application significantly increased the proportion of macroaggregates (≥0.25 mm). The MWD and GMD increased significantly with increasing biochar application rates, whereas D decreased significantly, indicating enhanced soil structural stability. Biochar significantly increased the abundance of fungi and bacteria across all aggregate size classes and changed the microbial community structure towards conditions that promoted increased carbon stabilization. Additionally, biochar application significantly increased both recalcitrant (ROC and BC) and labile carbon (EOC, POC, DOC, and MBC) in all aggregate fractions, with the largest increments in macroaggregates. Based on correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM), we speculated that biochar might enhance the physical protection and chemical sequestration of organic carbon by optimizing the physical structure of the aggregates and synergizing with the microbial carbon pump. The 7-year application of biochar significantly enhanced the SOC content in plantation soils, primarily by increasing recalcitrant organic carbon, demonstrating that biochar application constitutes a viable approach to augmenting persistent soil carbon stabilization in plantation ecosystems. The 4% and 6% treatments produced the largest responses for most of the measured indicators, underscoring the importance of biochar application.
Rice-based agroecosystems in Bangladesh face mounting challenges from nutrient imbalance, declining soil organic matter, climate-related stress and inefficient fertilizer management. While intensive fertilizer use has raised productivity, it has also reduced nutrient use efficiency and degraded soil quality. Nanofertilizers and organic soil amendments have emerged as complementary strategies to improve nutrient management and soil health in rice systems. This review synthesizes 85 peer-reviewed field, pot and laboratory studies (2005-2025) from Bangladesh and comparable South Asian agroecosystems, evaluating the individual and combined effects of nanofertilizers and soil amendments (biochar, compost, green manure, lime) on rice productivity, soil properties, nutrient dynamics and environmental outcomes. Nanofertilizers improve nutrient use efficiency through controlled release, while amendments enhance soil organic carbon, microbial activity and nutrient retention. Combined application produces synergistic gains, with yield improvements of approximately 25-40% reported under specific experimental conditions. These integrated strategies reduce nutrient losses, strengthen soil function and support more efficient, climate-resilient rice production aligned with SDGs 2, 6, 13 and 15. Most available evidence, however, derives from short-term field and pot trials; long-term, multi-location studies are needed to evaluate nanoparticle fate, environmental safety, economic feasibility and farmer adoption under diverse rice-growing conditions before large-scale deployment.
Ishrat Alam, Khalid Syfullah, Bijoya Saha et al.· Agricultural Science Digest...· 0 citations
Excessive use of chemical fertilizers degrades soil health and threatens sustainable crop production, which can be mitigated by partially substituting chemical fertilizers with Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L., MV, as green manure). However, the mechanisms through which MV incorporation alters soil microbial community structure and function, enhances soil quality and crop productivity, as well as its long-term effects in paddy soils, are still not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the responses of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties (to comprehensively evaluate soil quality); microbial community structure and function; rice productivity; and the sustainable yield index (SYI) to five fertilizer treatments based on a 13-year field experiment in a paddy’s soil in Henan, China. The treatments included: CK (no chemical fertilizer and no MV), F100 (100% chemical fertilizer), MVF80, MVF60 and MVF40 (80%, 60%, and 40% of the chemical fertilizer rate combined with MV, respectively). Compared with the F100 treatment, MVF60 slightly increased rice yield by 1.71% and significantly improved SYI by 5.10%. All MV treatments significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC, by 14.4–16.3%) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC, by 16.7–20.1%). MVF60 and MVF40 significantly reduced bulk density, and increased macroaggregate content and mean weight diameter (MWD). MVF80 significantly enriched soil total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), mineral nitrogen (Nmin), and urease (UE). The improvement in these soil properties resulted in a marked increase (by 11.6–20.1%) in the soil quality index (SQI) under all MV treatments. Random forest analysis identified MBC and Nmin as the most important predictors of SQI. Moreover, MV incorporation increased the relative abundance of beneficial taxa (Firmicutes, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Bradyrhizobium, and Nigrospora), which were positively correlated with SQI (p < 0.05), while reducing the relative abundance of pathogenic fungal genera such as Fusarium. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed strong positive correlations between SQI and both rice yield and SYI. In summary, long-term MV incorporation with a 40% reduction in chemical fertilizer (MVF60) constitutes an effective and sustainable nutrient management approach for rice production in southern China. This practice enhances soil quality through improved physical structure, nutrient cycling, and microbial community structure and function, ultimately resulting in higher and more stable yields.
Ji-Shi Zhang, Min Tao, Chunfeng Zheng et al.· Agriculture· 0 citations
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