Numerical Simulation of MHD Blood-Based Al₂O₃–Fe₃O₄–CuO Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer over an Elongating Cylinder

Abstract

The initial goal of this concept is to examine the behavior of heat dependent stratification on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of blood-dependent nano-liquids, hybrid nano-liquids, and tri-hybrid nano-liquids over a elongating flexible cylinder embedded in a permeable media. Al₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, and CuO nanoparticles are dispersed in blood as the base fluid to formulate the tri-hybrid nanofluid (Al₂O₃ + Fe₃O₄ + CuO/blood). Appropriate transformations of similarity are employed to convert the coupled nonlinear governing partial differential equations (PDEs) into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) system. The resulting boundary-value problem is solved numerically using the three-stage Lobatto IIIa scheme implemented through MATLAB’s bvp4c solver. The final proceeds of different dimensionless parameters, including the Prandtl number, radiation parameter, heat parameter, magnetic parameter, porosity parameter, curvature parameter, heat dependent stratification parameter, and temperature-induced buoyancy parameter, on the velocity, temperature, dimensionless wall shear stress, and thermal transport parameter are investigated graphically and numerically. Here the change in absolute wall shear stress coefficient is up to 75.5% while the change in local thermal transport parameter is up to 119.6%. The results are presented through geometric and tabular visuals. The findings reveal that the tri-hybrid nanofluid exhibits the greatest heat-transfer enhancement, followed by the hybrid nanofluid, while the conventional nanofluid shows comparatively lower heat-transfer performance.