Tolerance in Islam: From Theological Foundations to Political Practice

Abstract

Aim. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of Islam’s potential for tolerant coexistence through the lenses of theology, law, and historical practice. Methodology. The research is based on a hermeneutical analysis of key texts, such as the Quran and Sunnah, as well as the works of classical and modern Muslim theologians. Furthermore, the study employs historical and comparative methods to examine models of religious pluralism in Muslim societies. Results. The key findings of the research indicate that the principles of religious tolerance, justice, and freedom of belief are deeply rooted in Islamic doctrine. These principles were institutionalised in the legal concept of dhimma. Historical experience, particularly the Ottoman millet system, represents a sophisticated and functional model for the coexistence of various confessions within a hierarchical structure. In modern conditions, the traditional frameworks of religious tolerance are being reconsidered in light of gender equality and the rights of non-monotheistic religions. The author argues that the future development of inclusive societies in the Muslim world will depend on a creative dialogue between classical Islamic heritage and contemporary challenges, such as countering extremism and promoting gender equality. Research implications. The results of the study can serve as a foundation for developing recommendations to strengthen state-confessional and inter-confessional relations in Russia, thereby creating conditions for the sustainable and secure development of the state and society.