Nipah virus: Current knowledge and the need for one health approach – A comprehensive review

Abstract

An extremely dangerous zoonotic virus, the Nipah virus (NiV) belonging to the genus Henipavirus and family Paramyxoviridae continues to be a major threat to the world health. Recurrent outbreaks of NiV have been marked by high case fatality rates, severe neurological and respiratory illness, and a lack of effective treatment options since the virus first appeared in the late 1990s. The review offers an updated and comprehensive information on virus biology, epidemiology, transmission channels, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, and public health consequences, conceptually taken from previous studies and the mass of information contained within. The growing significance of human-to-human transmission and an understanding of the ecological and anthropogenic factors underlying viral spillover are of special attention. In order to reduce the danger of future outbreaks, the analysis also identifies gaps in surveillance, diagnostics, and countermeasure development, highlighting the necessity of coordinated One Health policies