Vitamin D neuroimmune synaptic plasticity and precision intervention in pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders

Myelin Alteration in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Integrating Clinical and Preclinical Evidence.

The evidence suggests that myelin-related pathways represent a common point of vulnerability across disorders and may offer a potential target for intervention, integrating findings from both animal models and human research.

Iron dyshomeostasis and its neurobiological mechanisms in psychiatric disorders.

Environmental determinants of neurotoxicity: role of heavy metals in neurological disorders

Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders are related disorders lying on a spectrum of neural dysfunction with overlapping molecular and cellular mechanisms. Early-life diseases like autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are the result of disturbed neurodevelopment, while late-onset diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are defined by progressive neuronal loss and loss of function. Emerging evidence shows that environmental exposures are important, modifiable factors that affect brain health throughout the lifespan. Factors such as air pollution, heavy metals, pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals act in combination with genetic susceptibility to disrupt neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neuro-immune signaling. These exposures cause persistent epigenetic modifications, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic neuro-inflammation, linking early developmental insults to neurodegenerative processes later in life. The concepts of the exposome and the developmental origins of health and disease provide additional support for the cumulative, lifelong impact of environmental interactions. Mechanistically, the recurrent process of neuronal damage is caused by impaired proteostasis, microglial stimulation, and blood–brain barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, the gut-brain axis is a hyperactive system in which immune responses and microbial metabolites trigger neurobiological responses to external stimuli. This review integrates multidisciplinary evidence to elucidate the mechanism and emphasizes environmental risk mitigation and translational strategies to reduce disease burden and promote lifelong brain resilience.

From Gut Microbiota to Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms Shaping Cognitive Function and Brain Disorders.

Overall, the gut microbiota functions as a dynamic regulator of brain plasticity and cognitive resilience across the lifespan, suggesting shared systems-level vulnerabilities across conditions and highlighting the translational potential of microbiota-targeted interventions such as probiotics, dietary modulation, postbiotics, and precision microbiome-based strategies.

GENETIC AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The study provides an integrated framework linking genetic variation to molecular dysfunction and clinical outcomes, offering valuable insights for future research and therapeutic development in pediatric neurology.

The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Advances, and Clinical Applications.

Neuropsychiatric disorders are increasingly recognized as systemic conditions arising from dynamic interactions within the gut-brain-immune network. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (MGBA) serves as a central regulatory system orchestrating neurodevelopment, neural homeostasis, and immune-metabolic balance. This review summarizes evidence across seven major neuropsychiatric disorders, Depression, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Schizophrenia, Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, demonstrating that dysregulation of the MGBA constitutes a shared pathological mechanism. On this common basis, we delineate disorder specific neurochemical and immunological features and highlight the clinical potential of microbiota-targeted interventions. Moreover, psychotropic medications profoundly alter microbial physiology, influencing bacterial growth and metabolism, thereby complicating interpretation of MGBA-disease relationships. Future research should define strain-specific therapeutic actions and integrate multi-omics approaches to unravel causal pathways, ultimately enabling precision microbiome modulation in neuropsychiatric medicine.