Precision oncology in breast cancer: Biomarker-driven treatment strategies and the expanding role of APPs.

[Advancement of subtype-based early breast cancer systematic therapy].

Current and future therapies for triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer remains an aggressive and biologically heterogeneous breast cancer subtype. Although the therapeutic landscape has expanded, durable disease control remains clinically challenging in many settings. Existing reviews often organize TNBC therapy by drug class or molecular subtype, which can obscure how treatment response is shaped by interacting biological layers. Here, we review current and emerging therapeutic strategies through a three-layer framework: tumor-cell-intrinsic vulnerabilities, the local immune and stromal microenvironment, and host-level systemic modifiers. We summarize established approaches, including chemotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade, antibody–drug conjugates and PARP inhibition in biomarker-defined settings, and distinguish them from maturing or exploratory strategies such as pathway-directed therapy, epigenetic modulation, anti-vascular combinations, regulated cell-death induction, cellular therapy, vaccines, microbiome-related interventions, liquid biopsy, AI-supported multiomics and adaptive trial designs. This framework integrates evidence level, disease stage, biomarker reliability and patient tolerance into treatment selection for TNBC precision therapy.

Beyond conventional therapies: the evolution of targeted agents and immunotherapies in triple-negative breast cancer.

Molecular Mechanisms of Targeted Therapy in Breast Cancer: An Integrated Signaling Network Perspective.

This work synthesizes current evidence on the signaling architecture underlying targeted therapy across breast cancer subtypes and proposes a four-layer network topology model of resistance integrating receptor tyrosine kinase reprogramming, epigenetic plasticity coupled with tumor microenvironment (TME) co-evolution, to avoid conflating preclinical observations with validated biomarkers.

An Overview of Emerging Trends in Targeted Therapy of Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a biologically diverse, highly aggressive class of breast cancer defined by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. It accounts for approximately 10%–20% of all invasive breast cancers, and disproportionately affects women of younger ages and from minority groups. TNBC is distinguished by delayed diagnosis requiring special techniques, rapid metastatic progression, and limited treatment options compared with other breast cancers. Chemotherapy remains the mainstay but patients face higher relapse rates and overall survival is significantly reduced. TNBC represents a diverse array of subtypes, whose molecular differences impact their pathological behavior and response to therapy. Newer molecular markers in various stages of clinical and preclinical development show promise towards improving the management of TNBC patients. Membrane receptor proteins like trop2, nectin‐4, LIV‐1, gpNMB, CXCR4, DDR1, and PD‐L1 have been targeted with antibody–drug complexes. Synthetic small molecules and antisense oligonucleotides have been employed for inhibition of internal cellular components like PARP enzyme and expression of genes related to cancer progression. The molecular makeup of the tumor microenvironment is also a significant factor in addressing TNBC metastasis. In conclusion, the stratification of TNBC patients on their molecular subtype needs to be more widely adopted, and a calculated combination of current and emerging strategies is needed to effectively address TNBC in the clinic.

Biomarker-driven neoadjuvant immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: emerging therapeutic targets FOXP3 and WT1

Despite advances in first-line therapy, a subset of breast cancer patients—particularly those with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)—continue to experience unfavorable prognosis. Recently, the addition of neoadjuvant immunotherapy has been intensively studied and widely adopted to improve clinical outcomes of patients with breast cancer. Based on encouraging results from large-scale clinical trials such as KEYNOTE-522 and IMpassion031, the range of drugs evaluated has expanded from atezolizumab to other programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death-ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab and avelumab. Furthermore, the pursuit of targeted therapies has extended to other biomarkers, including Forkhead Box Protein P3 (FOXP3) and Wilms’ Tumor gene 1 (WT1). Despite these advancements, the heterogeneity in trial design, participant demographics, endpoints, and other confounding variables has resulted in divergent conclusions across clinical studies. In this review, we delineate the principal neoadjuvant immunotherapy biomarkers implicated in breast cancer and elucidate their action mechanisms. We also summarize the ongoing and reported clinical studies, aiming to offer a coherent perspective on the evolving role of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in breast cancer management.