The role of endophytic bacteria diversity in the adaptation mechanism of Aceh patchouli plants (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) against abiotic stress: A review

Abstract

Patchouli is an economically important aromatic plant, with the Aceh (Pogostemon cablin Benth. var. Aceh) variety recognized as producing the highest-quality essential oil in Indonesia. However, its productivity is frequently constrained by non-biological factors like drought, high salt concentrations, and severe temperature fluctuations. Two major factors underpinning plant adaptation to such stresses are genetic diversity and interactions with endophytic bacteria. Recent genomic studies have revealed high levels of gene diversity in patchouli, with hundreds of thousands of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Insertion Deletion (inDels) identified, many of which are associated with sesquiterpene biosynthesis pathways. This genetic variability provides a strong foundation for breeding programs and adaptive potential. Meanwhile, endophytic bacteria enhance plant resilience through multiple physiological and biochemical mechanisms, including the production of phytohormones, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity, regulation of antioxidants, siderophore production, and improved nutrient acquisition. The integration of Aceh patchouli’s unique genetic traits with the functional benefits of endophytic bacteria is expected to strengthen plant tolerance against abiotic stress while ensuring sustainable essential oil production. Thus, understanding both genetic diversity and microbial symbiosis is crucial for developing adaptive and high-yielding patchouli cultivars.