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Aug 2026

Human plant exposures in Hungary (2012-2025): a nationwide toxicovigilance study.

INTRODUCTION Plant intoxications represent a notable proportion of exposures reported to poison control centres worldwide, although their epidemiological patterns vary across regions. In Hungary, comprehensive data on plant-related intoxications have not previously been published. This study aims to provide a nationwide analysis of human plant intoxications, focusing on demographic characteristics, plant taxa, and causes of exposure. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the Hungarian National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy exposure reporting system. All recorded plant-related intoxication cases between 2012 and 2025 were included. Data collected included age, sex, exposure characteristics, plant taxa, and type of exposure. Severity data were available from 2015 onward. Taxonomic nomenclature was standardized. RESULTS A total of 2,720 cases were recorded, of which 2,582 involved identifiable plant taxa. Children accounted for nearly 90% of cases. Most exposures were accidental (91.9%), while suicide attempts (4.3%) and recreational use (1.4%) were less frequent. Severity data (n = 1,794) showed that most cases were asymptomatic (65.9%) or mild (25.6%), with severe (1.0%) and fatal (0.2%) outcomes being rare. The most prevalent species were Convallaria majalis and Taxus baccata. DISCUSSION Plant intoxications in Hungary predominantly affect children and are mainly accidental. Although most cases are mild, certain species are associated with severe outcomes. These findings support toxicovigilance and may improve prevention and clinical management. CONCLUSION Plant intoxications in Hungary predominantly affect children and are usually accidental, with ornamental plants representing the main source of exposure.

Dániel Cserhalmi, E. Péli · 0 citations
Review Aug 2026

Glyphosate and health in Uruguay: A 25-year review of research on agricultural worker exposure.

In Uruguay, glyphosate is a widely used herbicide, applied across both small- and large-scale horticultural crops. Agricultural workers in direct contact with glyphosate during its application and handling constitute a vulnerable population exposed to this herbicide. The purpose of this report is to assess the health impacts of exposure to glyphosate on workers within the Uruguayan context. A PRISMA-guided bibliographic review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO, Google Scholar, and academic and governmental repositories in Uruguay. Studies published between 2000 and 2025 were selected, focusing on research that directly or indirectly addressed the effects of glyphosate on agricultural workers in Uruguay. Of the eight studies identified, only two centered specifically on glyphosate, while the remaining included exposure to multiple pesticides. Primary routes of exposure to glyphosate were dermal and inhalational, particularly during mixing, loading, and application activities, with reported acute symptoms involving gastrointestinal, neurological, and muscular manifestations, and chronic effects including respiratory and skin conditions. Several studies underscored the importance of biomarkers in improving correlations between exposure levels and clinical outcomes. Additionally, one study highlighted a common misconception among workers, who, due to lack of odor of glyphosate, perceive it as less hazardous than other pesticides. This belief underscored the need to enhance education on the risks associated with glyphosate and other pesticides. This report provides key insights by reviewing studies on exposure to glyphosate among agricultural workers in Uruguay. Additionally, this work supports the international research agenda by emphasizing the importance of educational and regulatory measures to reduce occupational health risks associated with pesticide exposure in diverse agricultural contexts.

V. Bühl · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

The Chimkent Phosphorus Plant: Public Health Lessons from a Major Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Chemical Manufacturer

The Chimkent Phosphorus Plant (CPP) (operational 1966–1996) was the flagship enterprise of the chemical industry in Soviet Kazakhstan. We wished to characterize historical occupational exposures, document health outcomes, and identify contemporary public health implications associated with a major but now defunct manufacturing enterprise. We analyzed archival data for the CPP from the Turkistan Oblast State Archive of Kazakhstan together with data from contemporaneous Soviet biomedical journal publications and doctoral dissertations. In the first years of production (1966–1970), multiple process steps generated emissions that exceeded the then-current occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 5 mg/m3 for generic total dust. Processes included: the drying and crushing process (peak exposure, 1080 mg/m3); agglomeration (peak, 700 mg/m3); and tripolyphosphate processing (peak, 1170 mg/m3). Exposures to toxic gases were also elevated (chlorine gas, 13 ppm (OEL 0.3 ppm) and hydrogen sulfide, 66 ppm (OEL 6.5 ppm)). Adverse health effects were endemic. From 1968 to 1992, annual reports documented a total of 298 cases of “chronic phosphorus intoxication.” Contemporary public sources emphasized the manufacturing process and economic importance of CPP. The story of the rise and fall of this massive state-owned enterprise carries wider policy implications for effectively protecting occupational health and safety.

D. Vinnikov, Paul D. Blanc · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

Fate and emission of methyl mercaptan in a full-scale A2/O plant using TOXCHEM Simulation

Methyl mercaptan (methanethiol) is one of the essential volatile, repugnant compounds released from wastewater treatment plants. This work uses a TOXCHEM simulator to model emission production and dispersal of odorous methyl mercaptan gas in full-scale A2/O plants. The sewage treatment plant (STP) in Karbala served as the basis for the case study, which showed that the two most significant processes in the system were emissions and degradation. Models were calibrated and validated to ensure that all data were within predefined limits. The root means square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R) showed that the model was close to an ideal fit. 30.4% and 27.1% of all such gas were released into the atmosphere at 37°C in the summer and 12°C in the winter, respectively; 0.0096 and 0.45% were released with wastewater; 0.0.32 and 0.19% were absorbed by sludge; and 69.31% and 71.9% were degraded. To gain a better understanding of the production and dispersal of CH4S emissions, a sensitivity analysis was also conducted. This was done by looking at the main influencing factors in the treatment process of the A2/O system, such as wind speed, wastewater temperature, flowrate and MLSS concentration in aeration reactors. Regarding the forecasting generation and dispersion of CH4S gas in an A2/O system, the TOXCHEM simulation is the best choice for the plant's decision-makers. Keywords: biodegradation, Karbala STP, sewage treatment, TOXCHEM model.

Rabab Riyadh, Khabeer Al-Awad, Najah M. L. Al Maimuri et al. · 0 citations
Review Open access Aug 2026

Ecological Analysis of the Association Between 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) Exposure and Thyroid Cancer Incidence in the United States

The strong associations observed in rural counties suggest that agricultural context may influence the observed relationship between county-level 2,4-D use and thyroid cancer incidence and additional mechanistic and longitudinal studies are required to establish causality and to elucidate underlying endocrine pathways.

Moitrayee Dhar, S. Ahn, Weijia Fu et al. · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Dust from the Vicinity of Power Generation Plants in Nigeria: Distribution, Risks Assessment and Source Apportionment

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) constitute a class of widespread environmental contaminants that pose significant health risks. Therefore, this study investigated the distribution, risks and sources of PBDEs in dusts from power generation plants in Nigeria. A total of 24 dust samples were collected from four power plants. Samples were collected for six months covering both wet and dry seasons. Dusts were extracted for PBDEs following the United State Environmental Protection Agency Method 3550C using a 1:1 mixture of dichloromethane and n-hexane. Thereafter, the extracts were cleaned-up and analyzed for PBDEs using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The results indicated that the mean concentrations of ∑39 PBDEs in the dusts ranged from 17.5 to 54.6 ng g-1 for wet season and 55.4 to 157 ng g-1 for dry season. There were significant spatio-temporal variations in the concentrations of PBDEs in the dust. The PBDEs have higher concentrations during the dry season than the wet season. The hazard index and total cancer risk values indicated that there is neither adverse non-carcinogenic risk nor carcinogenic risk from exposure to PBDEs in these dusts. Source apportionment indicated that the PBDEs in the dusts were from the use of deca- and penta-BDE commercial formulations used for dielectric insulating fluids for transformers, capacitors, cable insulators etc. It is hereby recommended that the Federal Ministry of Environment should establish environmental policy and enforceable regulatory frameworks for the control of PBDEs in order to minimize the levels environmental PBDEs and the risk to human and ecosystems.

J. N. Tesi, I. Agbozu, O. Edjere et al. · 0 citations

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