Global Energy Regulations for Sustainable Buildings: Comparative Strategies and Adaptation Pathways for Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Abstract. This study investigates international regulatory frameworks governing building energy efficiency, focusing on their structure, objectives, and implementation mechanisms. The research identifies commonalities such as performance-based codes, energy labeling systems, financial incentives, and voluntary certifications by comparing policies in the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, and the European Union. These elements are analyzed for their applicability to Saudi Arabia, where Vision 2030 mandates a transition toward environmental sustainability and reduced carbon emissions. Since the building sector accounts for over 80% of the Kingdom’s electricity consumption, developing integrated and enforceable energy regulations is a strategic and environmental priority. The study recommends a hybrid regulatory model combining mandatory benchmarks with lifecycle-based assessments and market-driven incentives. Contextualizing global best practices within the Kingdom’s climatic and economic conditions, the findings contribute to formulating adaptive, forward-looking building energy policies for sustainable urban development in Saudi Arabia.