Machine learning—enhanced baseline risk prediction models for cancer therapy related cardiac dysfunction: a systematic review and critical appraisal of methodological quality

Abstract

Abstract Aims Cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) is a prevalent complication with adverse clinical implications. Guidelines have emphasized the need for reliable baseline risk prediction to guide prevention strategies. While machine learning (ML) has shown promise in cardiovascular medicine, the readiness of ML-based prognostic models for baseline CTRCD risk prediction in cardio-oncology remains unclear. Aims To systematically review and critically appraise the performance, methodological quality, and clinical applicability of ML-based models for predicting baseline CTRCD risk. Methods and results A search on Embase and Medline was conducted up to May 2026. Eligible studies used ML algorithms to estimate CTRCD risk prior to cancer treatment. Data were extracted using an adapted version of the CHARMS checklist. Risk of bias (ROB) and reporting quality were assessed using PROBAST and TRIPOD + AI. Nine studies were included. Seven studies included novel models using multiple clinical and imaging predictors, while two repurposed or validated existing AI-enhanced electrocardiography (ECG) models. The levels of discrimination were at least moderate (AUC 0.65–0.88), calibration was only reported in two studies, and external validation in one. Multiparametric models showed higher performance metrics than ECG-only models but were methodologically constrained. Overall, most studies were limited by variability in outcome definitions, low event rates, limited transparency in reporting, and a lack of reproducibility measures. Conclusion Current ML-based models for predicting CTRCD remain underdeveloped for clinical use. The present findings highlight the need for further work to optimize models by incorporating rigorous study designs, with emphasis on methodological clarity, standardized outcome definitions, and external validation to improve reproducibility.