Aug 2026· THE JOURNAL OF Mother and Child Health Concerns· 0 citations· 15 references
TL;DR
Early menarche and low parity were more frequently associated with aggressive non-Luminal A molecular subtypes, highlighting the importance of reproductive history in breast cancer risk assessment and individualized management.
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide and remains a major public health concern. Reproductive factors, including parity and age at menarche, influence cumulative lifetime estrogen exposure and may contribute to the biological characteristics of breast cancer. However, evidence regarding their association with molecular subtypes of invasive breast cancer remains limited, particularly in Indonesia.
Purpose: To determine the association between parity and age at menarche with the molecular subtypes of invasive breast cancer among patients treated.
Methods: This analytic observational study employed a cross-sectional design using secondary data from medical records of 125 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in 2025. Participants were selected using random sampling based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The independent variables were parity and age at menarche, while the dependent variable was the molecular subtype of invasive breast cancer determined by immunohistochemistry. Univariate analysis was used to describe participant characteristics, and bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. The strength of the associations was measured using Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was established at p<0.05.
Results: Most participants had a normal-to-late age at menarche (60.0%) and were multiparous or grand multiparous (52.0%). Luminal B was the predominant molecular subtype (32.0%), followed by Luminal A (27.2%), HER2 (22.4%), and Triple-Negative (18.4%). A significant association was observed between parity and molecular subtype (p=0.003; OR=0.282; 95% CI=0.119–0.672). Age at menarche was also significantly associated with molecular subtype (p=0.002; OR=0.229; 95% CI=0.087–0.606). Women with early menarche and nulliparity or primiparity were more likely to present with non-Luminal A molecular subtypes.
Conclusion: Parity and age at menarche were significantly associated with the molecular subtypes of invasive breast cancer. Early menarche and low parity were more frequently associated with aggressive non-Luminal A molecular subtypes, highlighting the importance of reproductive history in breast cancer risk assessment and individualized management.
Several reproductive factors are significantly associated with breast cancer risk among women in Central India and promotion of breastfeeding and identification of women with adverse reproductive profiles may facilitate early screening and risk reduction strategies.
Sriyansh Jain, R. Arjariya, Sunil Kumar Saxena et al.· Indian Journal of Pharmaceut...· 0 citations
Distinct molecular subtypes of breast cancer among Indian women exhibit heterogeneous risk profiles shaped by reproductive, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors, which underscores the need for targeted public health strategies focusing on modifiable risk factors.
P. George, Aleyamma Mathew, T. Kaur et al.· Breast Cancer· 0 citations
Insulin resistance, particularly insulin resistance as reflected by elevated HOMA-IR, is strongly associated with breast cancer in premenopausal women and underscores the importance of early identification and management of metabolic abnormalities as potential strategies for breast cancer risk reduction and prognostication in premenopausal females.
S. Priya, Vaibhav Shukla, Ankur Verma· Indian Journal of Medical Sp...· 0 citations
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between various types and durations of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and the risk of endometrial cancer.
METHODS
This nationwide retrospective population-based cohort study used the Korean National Health Insurance Service database from 2007 to 2020. Eligible participants, defined as women aged over 40 years who sought care for menopausal symptoms, were enrolled during 2011-2014 and followed for the development of endometrial cancer until the end of 2020. After propensity score matching, participants were categorized as MHT users or non-users. MHT regimens were classified as tibolone, combined estrogen-progestogen therapy by the manufacturer (CEPM), combined estrogen-progestogen therapy by a physician (CEPP), and others.
RESULTS
The incidence of endometrial cancer was 19 per 100 000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17-21) in both MHT and non-MHT groups. Use of manufacturer-combined estrogen and progestogen therapy was associated with a significantly lower risk of endometrial cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 0.592, 95% CI: 0.437-0.801), while physician-combined therapy showed no significant association (HR 1.474, 95% CI: 0.472-4.607). Tibolone use was not associated with increased risk when used for four years or less (HR 0.9, 95% CI: 0.61-1.314), but showed a significantly increased risk when used for more than four years (HR 1.518, 95% CI: 1.152-1.999). In duration-based analysis, MHT therapy use between three and six years was also associated with increased risk (HR 1.499, 95% CI: 1.061-2.117).
CONCLUSION
Endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal women is influenced by hormone therapy type and duration. Combined estrogen-progestogen regimens are associated with lower risk, whereas prolonged tibolone use is associated with higher risk, supporting individualized and duration-based monitoring.
Sang-Hee Yoon, J. Yuk· International journal of gyn...· 0 citations
Background The aim of this study was to compare clinical data between women with invasive breast cancer (IBC) and those with benign breast tumors, identify risk factors influencing IBC development, and provide evidence for early clinical identification and intervention. Methods Clinical records of 1, 049 female patients with breast masses who underwent surgical treatment at Hebei Provincial People’s Hospital between October 1, 2018, and October 1, 2020, were retrospectively collected. The cohort comprised 738 cases in the benign breast mass group and 311 cases in the invasive breast cancer group. Chi-square (χ²), Z-tests, and T-tests were used to compare the two groups regarding age, menopausal status, marital status, parity, family history of breast cancer, history of benign breast surgery, presence of metabolic syndrome (MS), and related inflammatory and nutritional indicators [prognostic nutritional index (PNI), albumin/globulin ratio (AGR), systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil/monocyte ratio (NMR). Independent risk factors for female IBC development were identified through univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Logistic Regression Analysis: Univariate analysis revealed that age, postmenopausal status, marital history, parity, coexisting multiple sclerosis, PNI, AGR, SIRI, and history of benign breast surgery were associated with inflammatory breast cancer in women. Multivariate analysis indicated that age, postmenopausal status, coexisting multiple sclerosis, decreased PNI, elevated SIRI, and history of benign breast surgery were independent risk factors for inflammatory breast cancer in women. Conclusions Advanced age, postmenopausal status, concomitant metabolic syndrome, decreased PNI, and elevated SIRI are independent risk factors for invasive breast cancer in women. A history of benign breast surgery may serve as a protective factor. Clinicians should enhance screening and intervention for high-risk populations based on these factors.
Pei-Lin Chen, Xi Lv, Hang Su et al.· Frontiers in Oncology· 0 citations
In a sample of women with Stage I-III breast cancer who received chemotherapy with curative intent, triple negative subtype, smoking history, tumor size, and surgery type were significantly associated with shorter five-year event free survival.
Samantha Kodikara, Alexis C. Wardell, A. Deal et al.· Current Oncology· 0 citations
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