IoT-based Energy-efficient Home Automation using PIR Motion Sensor and Arduino UNO Board

Abstract

This paper presents a low-cost Internet of Things (IoT)-based home automation system developed using an Arduino UNO microcontroller, a Passive Infrared (PIR) motion sensor, and LED indicators to automate lighting control based on human presence detection. The proposed system is designed to enhance energy efficiency by activating lights only when motion is detected within a specified range, thereby minimizing unnecessary power consumption. Experimental evaluation indicates that the system can reduce energy waste by up to 40% compared to conventional manual switching methods. The hardware implementation is intentionally simplified, utilizing only jumper wire connections, eliminating the need for a breadboard or complex supporting infrastructure, which makes it cost-effective and easy to deploy. Real-time monitoring and control are achieved through serial communication, ensuring reliable and responsive operation. The prototype demonstrates the technical feasibility, affordability, and effectiveness of motion-activated lighting automation, particularly for energy conservation in Indian households, educational institutions, and other resource-constrained environments seeking practical smart home solutions.