An up-to-date survey of blockchain-based data-sharing solutions in government and NSO contexts, reviewing studies published between 2018 and 2026 and adopting the Five Safes framework as a unifying analytical lens.
Abstract
For national statistics offices (NSOs), data sharing is essential for the production of official statistics, yet it must comply with stringent confidentiality and governance mandates. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising means to enable trusted and auditable data exchange under these constraints, motivating a growing body of research across public-sector domains. This paper presents an up-to-date survey of blockchain-based data-sharing solutions in government and NSO contexts, reviewing studies published between 2018 and 2026. Given the limited research specific to official statistics, this survey evaluates public-sector solutions with particular attention to their alignment with NSOs’ strict privacy and data governance requirements. Departing from prior reviews that primarily organise the literature by technical architectures or application domains, the survey adopts the Five Safes framework as a unifying analytical lens. Through this governance-focused synthesis, the survey identifies recurring architectural patterns and design principles that support secure and accountable data sharing, including permissioned or consortium blockchains, hybrid on/off-chain storage, selective integration of privacy-enhancing technologies, and smart contracts to automate governance functions such as access control and workflow management. Building on these insights, the paper outlines two distinct reference architectures that distil best practices from existing studies for blockchain-enabled data sharing under public-sector constraints, and highlights open challenges—most notably scalability and integration with legacy systems—pointing to future research directions towards solutions that combine strong security assurances with practical governance compliance.
The findings suggest that blockchain adoption in e-government is not merely a technical issue, but also an institutional process shaped by regulatory readiness, administrative legacies, interoperability constraints, and public sector capacity.
Dyah Kuntorini Dwi Angreni, Ana Zahara· Journal of Government and Po...· 0 citations
Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative tool for secure data sharing across decentralised systems, particularly in finance, healthcare, and governance. However, despite its promise, the widespread adoption of blockchain platforms remains constrained by unresolved security threats and architecture-specific vulnerabilities. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) that critically evaluates the security risks and countermeasures associated with blockchain-based data sharing models. The review focuses on three widely referenced platforms, Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, and MedRec, chosen for their relevance to public, permissioned, and healthcare-oriented blockchain deployments, respectively. The review analyzed 30 peer-reviewed publications from 2018 to 2025 sourced from IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and other digital libraries. Empirical insights from the reviewed literature indicate that Sybil attacks remain prevalent on public blockchains, although adaptive Proof-of-Stake protocols are reported to reduce their success rate considerably. Front-running and Miner Extractable Value–related behaviors are frequently observed in Ethereum-based decentralised finance ecosystems, often resulting in significant financial losses. Unauthorised access persists as a major concern, particularly for software wallets, which are commonly exposed to phishing and malware attacks. The findings underscore unique trade-offs across platforms: Ethereum supports transparency but is prone to transaction manipulation; Hyperledger ensures strong access control yet faces insider threat challenges; and MedRec enhances patient privacy but lacks robust mobile integration. This study provides a structured synthesis of existing threats, platform-level responses, and design trade-offs, offering guidance for stakeholders aiming to strengthen security in blockchain-based data-sharing infrastructures.
Godwin Mandinyenya, Vusumuzi Malele· International Journal of Inf...· 0 citations
This work offers a comprehensive framework of the policymaker and system architect and researcher aiming to operationalize blockchain in a public-sector setting by nexus-linking technical design with institutional governance requirements.
J. Carter· International Journal of Eme...· 0 citations
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting has become an important mechanism for organisations to communicate their environmental, social, and governance commitments to stakeholders. Although recent regulatory initiatives have sought to improve the consistency and reliability of CSR disclosures, concerns regarding transparency, data integrity, and reporting of credibility remain. In response to these challenges, blockchain technology has gained attention as a potential tool for strengthening CSR reporting practices. This study explores the role of blockchain in CSR reporting through a systematic review of 21 publications covering blockchain technology, smart contracts, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Drawing evidence from academic, technical, and industry sources, the review examines how these technologies can support greater transparency, accountability, and stakeholder trust while highlighting current implementation challenges and research gaps. The findings suggest that CSR reports can be recorded and verified as NFTs on a blockchain network, offering a secure and traceable approach to reporting. Unlike conventional NFTs used for digital assets, CSR-related NFTs possess distinctive characteristics, including non-transferability and the need for regulatory oversight during their creation and validation. This study contributes to the emerging literature by proposing a blockchain-based CSR reporting architecture that integrates smart contracts and NFT standards while recognising the roles of companies, verifiers, and regulatory authorities. The proposed framework also advances understanding of the practical and conceptual considerations associated with CSR-focused NFTs, providing a foundation for future research and implementation.
Silviu Ojog, Alina-Andrea Miron· Pertanika Journal of Social...· 0 citations
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) defines the Right to Be Forgotten (RTBF) as the right of individuals to request the deletion of their personal data under certain conditions. While this right reflects key ethical principles such as autonomy and control over personal information, its implementation poses significant challenges in blockchain systems, where immutability is a core design feature. This tension creates ethical, technical, and governance-related concerns. This study systematically reviews the academic literature on the relationship between RTBF and blockchain technologies, with a particular focus on ethical issues. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, a comprehensive literature search conducted on January 3, 2026 resulted in the inclusion of 46 peer-reviewed studies. The selected studies were analyzed based on four research questions addressing: (1) the conceptualization of RTBF, (2) ethical conflicts arising from blockchain immutability, (3) proposed technical and governance-oriented solutions, and (4) existing limitations and research gaps. The findings indicate that RTBF is predominantly interpreted as a legal obligation rather than an ethical principle. The most frequently identified ethical challenge concerns the conflict between immutable ledgers and data deletion requirements. Proposed mitigation strategies include privacy-by-design approaches, off-chain data storage, hash-based referencing, and redactable blockchain mechanisms. However, significant challenges remain, including legal uncertainty, scalability and interoperability limitations, and unclear governance responsibilities. Overall, this review provides a structured synthesis of existing research, contributing to a deeper ethical understanding of RTBF in blockchain systems and offering insights for future research, system design, and regulatory policymaking.
The findings provide a conceptual basis and strategic guidelines for future DPP deployment, highlighting the importance of appropriate governance mechanisms to strengthen the DPP’s role as a catalyst for the circular economy.
Xabier Narbaiza Iriondo, Borja Diez-Cañamero, Irantzu Calvo Santamaria· Circular Economy and Sustain...· 0 citations
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