Phenotypic Stability and Drought Tolerance Evaluation of F1 Tomato Hybrids Derived from Line × Tester Crosses Using AMMI, GGE Biplot, BLUES, And PCA Models: A Review

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a crop of universal interest but is mostly hindered by abiotic stress, especially drought. It is crucial in sustainable agriculture to create hybrids that are tolerant to drought and exhibit uniform phenotypic behavior. This review assesses the use of high-level statistical models such as Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI), Genotype and Genotype × Environment (GGE) Biplot, Best Linear Unbiased Estimates (BLUES), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in the phenotypic stability and drought tolerance estimation of F1 tomato hybrids derived from line × tester crosses. Recent research emphasizes the utility of these models in the detection of better genotypes, description of genotype × environment interactions (GEI), and breeding strategy optimization for drought tolerance. Integration of these models offers a solid platform for enhancing tomato breeding programs under fluctuating climatic conditions.