Jul 2026· Exploration of Drug Science· Vol 4· 0 citations· 83 references
TL;DR
This review critically examines the convergence of artificial intelligence and advanced oral drug delivery systems as an emerging strategy in schizophrenia management, and highlights a shift toward precision psychiatry, where AI-enabled diagnostics and smart oral therapeutics may support predictive, personalized, and adaptive care in schizophrenia.
Abstract
Schizophrenia affects approximately 24 million people worldwide, representing 0.3–0.7% of the global population, and remains a leading cause of years lived with disability. The disorder contributes to over 13 million disability-adjusted life years, underscoring its substantial global health and socioeconomic burden. This review critically examines the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and advanced oral drug delivery systems as an emerging strategy in schizophrenia management. Conventional diagnostic frameworks, reliant on subjective symptom assessment, often result in delayed or inaccurate diagnosis, while standard oral antipsychotics are limited by poor bioavailability, extensive first-pass metabolism, and inadequate brain targeting. Recent advances in AI, including natural language processing (NLP), neuroimaging analytics, electrophysiological modeling, and multi-omics integration, support diagnostic classification, risk prediction, symptom monitoring, and patient stratification. Simultaneously, nanotechnology-driven oral delivery platforms such as lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, and proliposomes enhance pharmacokinetics, central nervous system targeting, and therapeutic adherence. The integration of AI with pharmacogenomics, wearable monitoring, and digital twin models further facilitates real-time dose optimization and personalized therapy. Despite promising preclinical and clinical outcomes, challenges related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, scalability, and regulatory translation persist. This review highlights a shift toward precision psychiatry, where AI-enabled diagnostics and smart oral therapeutics may support predictive, personalized, and adaptive care in schizophrenia.
Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders show wide variability in treatment response, thus limiting the effectiveness of traditional symptom-based neuropharmacology. Precision medicine offers a more targeted approach by combining pharmacogenomics, multi-omics data, and artificial intelligence to guide individualized therapy. It's a rapidly evolving field with demonstrable promise, but its broader clinical integration still depends on stronger biomarker validation, reproducibility across populations, equitable implementation, regulatory maturity, and prospective clinical utility studies. Genetic markers could predict drug metabolism, while multi-omics profiling enables the identification of disease-specific molecular patterns; in parallel, AI tools improve treatment prediction, integrate complex datasets, and accelerate drug discovery. Although some of these approaches are already used in clinical practice, most remain under development. This review presents a multi-layered approach that includes neurotransmitter pathways, pharmacogenomics, multi-omics analysis, artificial intelligence, and translational science, providing a more holistic insight and bridging the gap between synaptic mechanisms and personalized treatments.
L. Al-Eitan· Current Neuropharmacology· 0 citations
Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), represent a substantial and growing global health burden, collectively accounting for millions of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide and severely impacting cognition, mood, behavior, and motor function. Current therapies, particularly small-molecule drugs, are challenged by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in poor central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability, systemic adverse effects, and suboptimal patient adherence, underscoring the urgent need for novel delivery platforms. Exosomes, endogenous nanoscale extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm) derived from sources such as mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, and immune cells, have emerged as highly promising biogenic drug carriers owing to their low immunogenicity, inherent biocompatibility, cargo versatility (proteins, mRNA, miRNA), and unique innate ability to cross the BBB, positioning them as superior alternatives to synthetic nanocarriers such as liposomes, niosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted CNS delivery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of exosome biology and therapeutics for AD, PD, and MS, covering classification, isolation and characterization methods, drug-loading strategies and a comparative analysis of administration routes (intravenous, intracerebral, intrathecal, intra-arterial, and intranasal). Particular emphasis is placed on the intranasal route, which offers a non-invasive, direct nose-to-brain pathway via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, effectively bypassing the BBB while minimizing systemic exposure. The review also examines the dual therapeutic and pathological roles of exosomes in BBB function, and emphasizes preclinical and early clinical evidence across AD, PD, and MS. Finally, the review outlines the major manufacturing, regulatory, and standardization hurdles that must be addressed including GMP-grade scale-up, consistent particle-based dosing benchmarks, and large placebo-controlled trials before intranasal exosome therapeutics can progress from promising preclinical candidates to approved disease-modifying treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.
Rajashree Hirlekar, Srushti Agnihotri, Shalom Sathe et al.· Biochemical and Biophysical...· 0 citations
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that places an increasing burden on patients, caregivers, and healthcare systems worldwide. Current disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are limited by high costs, complex administration, and reliance on advanced biomarker infrastructure, highlighting the shortcomings of existing treatment paradigms. These limitations have sparked growing interest in gene- and nucleic acid-based interventions as upstream strategies to modify AD pathogenesis. Among these, small interfering RNA (siRNA) is especially compelling because it can be rationally programmed, directed at multiple molecular pathways, and paired with rapidly evolving delivery technologies. However, the clinical translation of siRNA therapies for AD is still constrained by challenges in brain-targeted delivery, safety, and sustained efficacy. In this review, we summarize current concepts in AD pathology, highlight recent clinical and translational advances, and critically assess emerging brain-targeted siRNA delivery platforms and their key bottlenecks. Within a precision-medicine framework, brain-targeted siRNA offers the possibility of aligning patient selection, molecular targets, and delivery strategies with biomarker-defined AD endotypes. We discuss both the therapeutic promise and the realistic limitations of siRNA-based approaches for AD, outline priorities for future development, and identify key gaps that must be addressed to enable meaningful clinical implementation.
This discussion aims to inspire a reorientation of nanomedicine strategies toward precision therapy for epilepsy by highlighting how emerging nanomedicines are expanding the therapeutic target repertoire to include key non-neuronal nodes, with a focus on neuroinflammation and BBB repair.
Yage Sun, Wenguang Liu· Journal of Controlled Releas...· 0 citations
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders represent a significant healthcare challenge, with aging as the primary risk factor. Current clinical management remains predominantly symptomatic, as late-stage diagnosis and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) limit therapeutic efficacy. This review synthesizes emerging innovations in neurotheranostics—integrated diagnostic and therapeutic platforms—focusing on the neurovascular unit (NVU) as a central pathogenic driver and target. Evidence indicates that NVU and BBB dysfunction are early events in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s diseases, often preceding classic neuropathological hallmarks. The review highlights the potential of nanotechnology, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) as precision tools for early detection and targeted CNS delivery. Additionally, it discusses the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in facilitating personalized, predictive care. Transitioning from a generic “one-pill-for-one-disease” model to a patient-centered strategy targeting early NVU alterations is essential. Integrating AI, nanotechnology and NVU-focused strategies offers a promising path toward effective, personalized disease-modifying therapies.
Giulia Terribile, Matilda Pedrinazzi, I. Frigerio et al.· International Journal of Mol...· 0 citations
This work incorporates disease-specific mitochondrial pathology with current progress in targeted nanotherapeutics, age-associated delivery barriers, clinical revolution, and emerging artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled precision therapeutic approaches to improve therapeutic outcomes in aging-associated neurodegeneration.
Dnyandev G. Gadhave, Ashish B. Jadhav, Nitin Waghamode et al.· Advanced Healthcare Material...· 1 citation
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