Nanocarrier-based targeting strategies in epilepsy: addressing pathophysiological barriers.

Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier: Current In Vivo Evidence, Translational Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles have emerged as promising approaches for overcoming the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a major obstacle to treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). There are several reasons why conventional therapies fail, including poor brain penetration, rapid drug clearance, and nonspecific distribution. This review critically evaluates recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated BBB targeting, focusing particularly on in vivo findings. As part of this review, lipid-based, polymeric, metallic, dendrimeric, exosome-inspired, and magnetic nanoparticles are discussed in conjunction with their transport mechanisms. The review compares their therapeutic efficacy, biodistribution, targeting ability, and safety across a variety of neurological conditions. Additionally, emerging technologies are discussed, including biomimetic nanoparticles, stimuli-responsive systems, artificial intelligence, and personalized nanomedicine. Additionally, this review critically discusses the major barriers to clinical translation, including biosafety, manufacturing, and regulatory challenges. As a result, this review provides an updated perspective on current progress and future prospects for developing effective brain-targeted nanomedicine.

Nanomedicine for epilepsy: Expanding beyond conventional drug targets.

This discussion aims to inspire a reorientation of nanomedicine strategies toward precision therapy for epilepsy by highlighting how emerging nanomedicines are expanding the therapeutic target repertoire to include key non-neuronal nodes, with a focus on neuroinflammation and BBB repair.

Nanomedicine for Glioblastoma Therapy: Novel Insights and Future Perspectives.

This review systematically summarizes recent advances in nanomedicine enabled GBM therapy from four interrelated perspectives: the optimization of nanomaterial properties, the development of goal-oriented targeting strategies, the rationalization of delivery routes, and the engineering of smart stimuli-responsive nano-systems.

Nanotechnology-based Approaches for Nose -to- Brain Delivery of Antipsychotics

Neuropsychiatric disorders are one of the major neurodegenerative disorders that affect people. These disorders could be treated effectively by targeting drugs to the brain and overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nanotechnology has proven its worth in targeting and delivering drug molecules to the target site. Various nanocarrier formulations have been utilized tremendously to target drugs to the brain via the intranasal pathway and have shown significant results in treating the disorders, since this pathway has emerged as a promising non–invasive alternative way of directly offering the drug to the brain via the olfactory and trigeminal pathway, which also bypasses systemic circulation and the hepatic first- pass effects. Nanotherapeutic approaches enhance the bioavailability, biodegradability, and protection of drug molecules from enzymatic degradation in nanoformulations; that is, they prevent enzymatic degradation of the drug. Moreover, these nanostructures have customizable surface properties that enable controlled drug release, thereby increasing targeting efficiency and leading to sustained therapeutic action. The current review focuses on the intranasal route of administration and shows nano formulations are effectively delivered to the brain via this route. This review provides readers with an insight into how different nano-carrier-based formulations, such as polymeric-based nanoparticles, nano-lipid carriers, nano-emulsions, and solid lipid nanocarriers, enhance drug bioavailability, target affinity, and overcome first-pass metabolism, and also highlights the recent advancements and formulation approaches to optimize drug targeting to the brain in order to manage complex neurological disorders.

Nose-to-Brain Nanocarriers for Migraine Management: A Comprehensive Review of Drug Delivery Strategies and Translational Challenges.

Cancer Nanomedicine: Advanced Nanocarrier Systems, Targeted Drug Delivery, Theranostics, and Emerging Strategies for Precision Oncology

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite substantial advances in diagnosis and treatment. Conventional therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy, are often limited by poor tumor selectivity, systemic toxicity, multidrug resistance, and inadequate drug accumulation at the disease site. Nanomedicine has emerged as a transformative strategy in oncology, offering innovative solutions for targeted drug delivery, improved pharmacokinetics, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and reduced off-target toxicity. Owing to their unique physicochemical properties, nanoparticles can be engineered to overcome biological barriers associated with tumor progression and facilitate precise delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. This review comprehensively discusses the fundamental principles of cancer nanomedicine, including tumor biology, barriers to drug delivery, and critical design considerations for nanocarrier development. Various classes of nanomaterials, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based systems, inorganic nanomaterials, and emerging biomimetic platforms, are examined with respect to their structural characteristics, therapeutic applications, and translational potential. Particular emphasis is placed on tumor-targeting strategies, encompassing passive, active, and microenvironment-responsive approaches, as well as on the development of smart stimuli-responsive nanocarriers capable of controlled, site-specific drug release. Furthermore, recent advances in nanotechnology-enabled chemotherapy, combination therapy, gene and RNA delivery, immuno-nanomedicine, and theranostic platforms are highlighted. The integration of diagnostic imaging and therapeutic functions within multifunctional nanocarriers has enabled real-time monitoring of treatment response and personalized cancer management. In addition, challenges associated with safety, toxicity, large-scale manufacturing, regulatory approval, and clinical translation are critically evaluated. Emerging innovations, including artificial intelligence-driven nanocarrier design, biomimetic nanomedicines, and precision oncology approaches, are also explored as future directions for the field.Overall, cancer nanomedicine has evolved from a simple drug-delivery concept into a multifunctional therapeutic platform integrating targeted therapy, molecular imaging, immunomodulation, gene therapy, and personalized medicine. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation are expected to accelerate the clinical translation of next-generation nanomedicines, ultimately improving treatment outcomes and advancing precision cancer care.