Jul 2026· Review of General Psychology· 0 citations· 131 references
TL;DR
It is argued that a state I call Babel, the opposite of Nexus and characterized by fragmentation, disunity, plurality of perspectives, and diverse forms of knowledge, can function as a safeguard against AI by preserving the subjectivity and richness that machines cannot easily replicate.
Abstract
Psychology has long aspired to Nexus, a coherent body of knowledge that would integrate its many subfields into a cumulative science of the human mind and behavior. However, in the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI), moving closer to Nexus may paradoxically become the field’s greatest vulnerability. It could make psychological knowledge more susceptible to exploitation by AI systems, enabling them to surpass human researchers and gain extraordinary power to manipulate individuals. In this article, I argue that a state I call Babel, the opposite of Nexus and characterized by fragmentation, disunity, plurality of perspectives, and diverse forms of knowledge, can function as a safeguard against AI by preserving the subjectivity and richness that machines cannot easily replicate. Building on this foundation, I develop the idea of a “truly human psychology” that emphasizes unique personal experience, introspection, and creative expression. I propose both a radical version of this psychology, which resists universal frameworks entirely, and a pluralistic version that integrates uniquely human ways of knowing alongside psychology’s dominant natural science traditions. I conclude that embracing Babel need not mean abandoning the question of universality; paradoxically, it may provide a more fruitful path for exploring that possibility.
The very notion of consciousness has begun to transform from an abstract computation tool, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has morphed into a defining transformative agent that is remodelling the cognitive framework in which identity and decision-making occur at all human levels. Approaching both from the methodologically less selective angle of a Philosophical Psychology that attends separately to certain aspects and then weaves them into a fused together understanding, this study raises questions on how current AI-related advances influence our insights into consciousness, selfhood, agency, intentionality and cognition.
Employing a qualitative conceptual research design based on philosophical inquiry together with a systematic interdisciplinary literature search (2015-2025 within Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, JSTOR, IEEE Xplore and PhilPapers), evidence from cognitive science, neuroscience and AI ethics was synthesised. The analysis revealed six significant emergent themes:
• AI as cognitive augmentation and "second brain"
• There is re-definition of consciousness and phenomenological experience
• Selfhood and Privacy: Changing identities
• Re-evaluations of human agency and moral accountability
• Psychological effects of prolonged human - machine dialogue; and
• The importance of a harmonised philosophical-psychological paradigm
The results suggest that, although modern AI does not yet possess the subjective consciousness experience of humans, it is radically altering how people think, remember, decide and construct identity. AI operates more as a cognitive partner, which leads to urgent ethical questions of autonomy, authenticity and accountability. We find that AI is no lointelligenceew technology but active overwriting of the cognitive and psychocultural context in which people encounter new data modalities through new "intelligences". Key implications include the urgent requirement for adaptive curricula, ethically sound policy-making and anticipatory psychological practices to maintain human agency and critical thinking in the longer term.
G. R. N. Gunarathne· International Journal of Lat...· 0 citations
The concept of “alienated intelligence” is introduced to critically examine contemporary cultural perceptions of artificial intelligence to argue that certain visions of AI function as cultural projections of human cognitive capacities that become externalized, idealized, and reified in technological systems.
This paper examines the uniqueness of human intellect in the age of AI from the perspective of personalist anthropology. Large language models (LLMs) and other AI systems now imitate with increasing sophistication the external performances of human intellectual activity, such as language production, reasoning, and the synthesis of materials. For this reason, the uniqueness of human intellect cannot be adequately located in a residual set of functions that AI has not yet performed. Rather, it lies in the openness of human knowing toward the unlimited horizon of truth and goodness, and in the fact that this openness takes concrete form in the personal subject’s self-possession, self-gift, and transcendent orientation toward God.
To clarify this thesis, the paper begins with Thomas Aquinas’s notion of natural desire (desiderium naturale) and follows Bernard Lonergan’s analysis of cognitional activity in order to disclose the cognitional structure in which the unlimited orientation of human knowing is rooted. It argues that this unlimited orientation is not something established by external observation or reproduced by the sophisticated execution of external procedures, but rather a reality discovered when the cognitional subject is reflectively present to its own activity. The paper then turns to Karol Wojtyła’s analyses of self-possession, self-gift, and vertical transcendence in order to show how the unlimited orientation of human intellect is realized within the movement of the whole person. It concludes that the human being is not a sum of functions but a person called toward God, and that making this truth manifest is a distinctive task of theological anthropology in the age of AI.
Dong-Won Cho· Catholic Institute of Bioeth...· 0 citations
The rush AI involving into all spheres of social activity has resonated in the public consciousness as an existential threat. Deep-seated anthropomorphic perceptions of artificial intelligence have conditioned need scientific research into its capabilities and threats. The groundlessness of anthropomorphism regarding AI is explained by the philosophical proposition on the insuperability of the barrier between material formations at different levels of organization. A formal-logical model of intelligence will never reach the stage of its human prototype. The purpose of this scientific paper defined by us it is grounding the significance of philosophical methodology in scientific studies about the AI imprint onto the public consciousness. The scientific paper based on a philosophical perspective is revealing the subjectivity of the AI problem as a factor of the society self-destruction. Common sense, which humanity substitutes for a philosophical understanding of the problem, becomes one of the drivers behind the destructive consequences of the uncontrolled use of artificial intelligence. Conceptualization of the results of an inductive analysis of AI applications and modeling the deductive consequences in relevant fields of its applying is conducted by the author. It is noted the impossibility artificial intelligence achieves the human-level generative functions, which represent a synergy of rational and irrational reality comprehension. The nature of the artificial intelligence algorithm is constrained by the limitations of formal logic. It is argued that the threats posed by artificial intelligence to human existence are untenable, provided that its role in vital decision-making is restricted to complementarity with human cognition, alongside increasing the responsibility of genuine intelligence. Carry out of this task is theoretically possible through the informatization of society and the popularization of a philosophical level of thinking. The practical meaning of this study lies in the methodological reasons to study of the AI complementarity to the social generating in the decision-making. The scientific novelty lies in expanding the conceptualization of artificial intelligence in the public consciousness, based on a philosophical and methodological understanding of its nature.
This essay examines the potentially dire implications of artificial intelligence for the future of humanism, higher education, and the Humanities by introducing the philosophical conflict between Protagoras’ claim that humanity is the measure of all things and Plato’s competing assertion that the truest standards of value reside outside human experience. It argues that this tension continues to shape contemporary posthumanist, deterministic, and institutional modes of thought, all of which subordinate human judgment to external authorities, structures, or technologies. Drawing on examples from literary theory, the history of online education, and recent AI initiatives within the California State University system, the essay contends that artificial intelligence threatens to accelerate the standardization of teaching, diminish faculty autonomy, and redefine education in managerial and technocratic terms, which redefine faculty as an unnecessary expense. In response, it advances an inclusive humanist framework that affirms the intrinsic value of human experience, creativity, and judgment while calling for renewed faculty governance, intellectual independence, and a reaffirmation of the Humanities as indispensable to democratic and educational life.
The rapid development of artificial intelligence has transformed how we perceive technology’s role in shaping human life. Beyond its technical applications, AI has emerged as a profound subject in literature, raising critical questions about identity, morality, and the future of humanity. Fictional narratives often serve as a lens through which societies reflect on the ethical dilemmas and emotional complexities surrounding AI integration into everyday life. This paper examines the complex dynamics between artificial intelligence (AI) and humanity as depicted in contemporary literature. By focusing on Ian McEwan’s Machines Like Me, the study interrogates how AI challenges traditional notions of identity, ethics, and agency. It explores questions such as: Can AI possess consciousness? How does AI disrupt human relationships? What does AI mean for humanity’s future? The novel offers a rich examination of ethical dilemmas, human emotions, and the boundaries between human and machine, set against an alternate history of technological advancement. By analyzing AI’s capacity for consciousness, morality, and emotional engagement, the paper interrogates the societal and philosophical implications of AI’s integration into human lives and tries to explore how literature critiques and reimagines humanity’s future in an AI-dominated world. The analysis combines posthumanism and ethical philosophy to critically assess these representations, offering insights into the socio-political implications of a world increasingly defined by AI.
Shruti Tripathi· Knowledgeable Research A Mul...· 0 citations
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