Synergistic use of nanoparticles and probiotic lactic acid bacteria in combating pathogens: mechanisms, applications and safety considerations

Abstract

The increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates interest in the development of novel, highly potent, and biologically compatible methods for pathogen control. The combination of Probiotic Lactic acid bacteria and nanoparticles creates two different approaches that work together to achieve strong antimicrobial effects. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) function as natural antagonists that produce strong antimicrobial substances, that include organic acids and bacteriocins and hydrogen peroxide, to create an environment that prevents other pathogens from growing. The nanoparticles (NPs), which include silver and iron oxide and zinc oxide, liposomes, selenium exhibit strong antibacterial properties because they induce cell death through their membrane destruction capabilities and ion discharge mechanisms and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The integration of probiotic LAB with nanoparticles offers enhanced antimicrobial at lower dosages. However, challenges related to nanotoxicology, stability of probiotic nanoparticle systems, and clinical safety remain critical considerations. This synergy approach represents a promising strategy for tackling AMR with potential applications in food safety and healthcare.