Skip to content
#edge computing Open access

Around a Well the Water Table Falls Only as the Logarithm of Distance, and Keeps Falling as the Logarithm of Time ── the drawdown decreases by only 3.6647 m for each tenfold increase in distance, and with pumping it keeps falling by 1.8323 m for each tenfold increase in time ── in three-dimensional flow it settles to a steady 0.79577 m ── [Paper 599]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

Pumping a well lowers the water table around it, and it is easily taken that the effect fades a little way off. What this paper shows is that in a horizontally spreading aquifer (two-dimensional flow) the drawdown decreases only as the logarithm of distance and, with continued pumping, keeps falling as the logarithm of time without ever settling, and that one dimension more, in three-dimensional flow, changes this behaviour. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──the Thiem formula, the Theis formula, the Cooper--Jacob approximation and the formula for flow from a point are all standard. The aquifer is uniform and horizontal, confined above and below by impermeable layers. The numbers are representative──hydraulic conductivity 10^-4 m/s, thickness 10 m, storativity 10^-4, pumping rate 0.01 m^3/s, well radius 0.1 m. A radius of influence of 500 m is set as the boundary of the steady formula──as Section 3 shows, in two dimensions there is in truth no steady state. Recharge of groundwater by rain, the edges of the aquifer and losses in the well itself are not included. No well is designed. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 574 showed that lowering the water table by 1 m raises the boundary between sea water and fresh water by 40 m──this paper looks at how the drawdown made by pumping spreads in distance and time; at a coastal well, the drawdown here lifts the bottom of the fresh water 40 times over, as in 574. Paper 315 showed that which dimension is special depends on the question──here, two dimensions are the boundary of logarithmic behaviour. What is added is giving the steady drawdown at four distances beside the three-dimensional case, finding the factor by which two wells act on each other, computing the Theis well function by two routes, series and integral, and showing that the water table keeps falling as the logarithm of time, and placing the separator on the dimension of the flow. First, a tenfold distance reduces the drawdown by only a fixed amount──3.6647 m by the steady Thiem formula: 13.5555 m at the well face, 9.8909 m at 1 m, 6.2262 m at 10 m and 2.5615 m at 100 m (Section 2). Second, in three dimensions it falls to a tenth for each tenfold distance──for flow spreading spherically from a point, 7.9577 m at 1 m, 0.79577 m at 10 m and 0.079577 m at 100 m (Section 2). Third, distant wells act on each other──two wells 50 m apart pumping equally raise each other's drawdown by a factor of 1.270346 (Section 2). Fourth, and this is the core. With continued pumping, the water table keeps falling as the logarithm of time and never settles──the drawdown 10 m away grows by 1.8323 m for each tenfold time, from 5.3284 m at 1 hour to 12.6572 m at 10000 hours (Section 3). Fifth, in three dimensions it settles──for point flow under the same conditions, the drawdown 10 m away is 0.77212 m at 1 hour and 0.79341 m at 100 hours, approaching the steady 0.79577 m without passing it (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is the dimension of the flow──in two dimensions both distance and time act logarithmically and there is no steady state; in three, drawdown goes inversely with distance and settles (Section 4). Pumping a well lowers the water table around it, and it is easily taken that the effect fades a little way off and settles in time. In a horizontally spreading aquifer neither holds──pumping 0.01 m^3 per second from an aquifer 10 m thick, the drawdown decreases by only 3.6647 m for each tenfold distance, from 13.5555 m at the well face to 2.5615 m still at 100 m, and two wells 50 m apart raise each other's drawdown by a factor of 1.270346. Pumping on, the water table 10 m away falls by 1.8323 m for each tenfold time, from 5.3284 m at 1 hour to 12.6572 m at 10000 hours, and does not stop. In three-dimensional flow the behaviour changes──from a point, drawdown goes inversely with distance, 7.9577 m at 1 m becoming 0.079577 m at 100 m, and settles in time to a steady 0.79577 m. The separator is the dimension of the flow──in two dimensions both distance and time act logarithmically and there is no steady state. Placed among the earlier papers──on the coast of Paper 574, this drawdown lifts the bottom of the fresh water 40 times over; as an instance of Paper 315's special dimension depending on the question, two dimensions are the boundary for whether the water table settles. To be honest──the aquifer is uniform, horizontal and unbounded, without recharge from rain or rivers or losses in the well; real aquifers balance somewhere through recharge. The numbers are representative, and no well is designed. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: well, groundwater, Thiem equation, Theis equation, aquifer. ----- 井戸で水を汲むと周りの水位が下がるが、少し離れれば影響は消える、と思われやすい。本稿が示すのは、水平に広がる帯水層(二次元の流れ)では、水位の低下は距離の対数でしか減らず、汲み続ければ時間の対数で下がり続けて定常に落ち着かないこと、そして三次元に広がる流れとは、次元一つでこの振る舞いが変わることである。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──ティームの式、タイスの式、クーパー=ヤコブの近似、点からの流れの式は、すべて標準的である。帯水層は一様で水平とし、上下を水を通さない層ではさまれた被圧帯水層とした。数は代表値である──透水係数 10^-4 m/s、厚さ 10 m、貯留係数 10^-4、揚水量 0.01 m^3/s、井戸の半径 0.1 m とした。影響圏の半径 500 m は、定常の式の境として置いた──第3節で見るとおり、二次元では本当は定常が無い。雨で地下水が戻ること、帯水層の端、井戸そのものでの損失は入れない。井戸を設計しない。既刊との関係:論文574 は、地下水位が 1 m 下がると海水と淡水の境が 40 m 上がることを示した──本稿は、汲み上げでできる水位の低下が、距離と時間にどう広がるかを見る。海岸の井戸では、本稿の低下が 574 の 40 倍で淡水の底を持ち上げる。論文315 は、どの次元が特別かは問いごとに違うことを示した──ここでは、二次元が対数の振る舞いの境になる。加えたのは、定常の低下を四つの距離で出し、三次元と並べたこと、二本の井戸が効き合う倍率を出したこと、タイスの井戸関数を級数と積分の二つの道で出し、時間の対数で下がり続けることを示したこと、分離子を流れの次元に置いたことである。 第一に、距離が 10 倍になっても、低下は同じ量ずつしか減らない──定常のティームの式で 3.6647 m ずつ。井戸の縁で 13.5555 m、1 m で 9.8909 m、10 m で 6.2262 m、100 m で 2.5615 m である(第2節)。 第二に、三次元なら 10 倍ごとに 10 分の 1 になる──点から球状に広がる流れでは、1 m で 7.9577 m、10 m で 0.79577 m、100 m で 0.079577 m である(第2節)。 第三に、離れた井戸どうしも効き合う──50 m 離れた二本の井戸が同じだけ汲むと、互いの低下を 1.270346 倍にする(第2節)。 第四に、これが本稿の芯である。汲み続けると、水位は時間の対数で下がり続け、定常に落ち着かない──10 m 離れた所の低下は、時間が 10 倍になるごとに 1.8323 m ずつ増え、1 時間で 5.3284 m、10000 時間で 12.6572 m になる(第3節)。 第五に、三次元なら落ち着く──同じ条件の点からの流れでは、10 m 離れた所の低下は 1 時間で 0.77212 m、100 時間で 0.79341 m と、定常の 0.79577 m に近づいて超えない(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は、流れの次元である──二次元では距離も時間も対数で効き、定常が無い。三次元では距離に反比例し、定常に落ち着く(第4節)。 井戸で水を汲むと周りの水位が下がるが、少し離れれば影響は消え、そのうち落ち着く、と思われやすい。水平に広がる帯水層では、どちらも成り立たない──厚さ 10 m の帯水層から毎秒 0.01 m^3 を汲むと、水位の低下は距離が 10 倍になるごとに 3.6647 m ずつしか減らず、井戸の縁の 13.5555 m に対し 100 m でも 2.5615 m 残る。50 m 離れた二本の井戸は互いの低下を 1.270346 倍にする。汲み続ければ、10 m 離れた所の水位は時間が 10 倍になるごとに 1.8323 m ずつ下がり、1 時間の 5.3284 m から 10000 時間の 12.6572 m まで、止まらない。三次元に広がる流れなら、振る舞いが変わる──点からの流れでは低下は距離に反比例し、1 m の 7.9577 m が 100 m で 0.079577 m になり、時間とともに定常の 0.79577 m に落ち着く。分離子は、流れの次元である──二次元では距離も時間も対数で効き、定常が無い。既刊との位置──論文574 の海岸の地下水では、この低下が 40 倍で淡水の底を持ち上げる。論文315 の「特別な次元は問いで違う」の一例として、水位が落ち着くかという問いでは二次元が境になる。正直に言えば──帯水層は一様で水平で端が無いとし、雨や川からの涵養、井戸での損失は入れていない。実際の帯水層は涵養でどこかで釣り合う。数は代表値で、井戸を設計するものではない。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:井戸、地下水、ティームの式、タイスの式、帯水層。

View source

Similar papers

#computer vision Review Sep 2017

Agile Software Development Methods: Review and Analysis

This publication proposes a definition and a classification of agile software development approaches and analyses ten software development methods that can be characterized as being "agile" against the defined criterion.

P. Abrahamsson, O. Salo, Jussi Ronkainen et al. · 727 citations · ⚡54
#computer vision Jun 2008

The impact of agile practices on communication in software development

The study shows that agile practices improve both informal and formal communication, but indicates that, in larger development situations involving multiple external stakeholders, a mismatch of adequate communication mechanisms can sometimes even hinder the communication.

M. Pikkarainen, Jukka Haikara, O. Salo et al. · 401 citations · ⚡48
#machine learning Review Open access Oct 2014

Software development in startup companies: A systematic mapping study

The results indicate that software engineering work practices are chosen opportunistically, adapted and configured to provide value under the constrains imposed by the startup context.

Nicolò Paternoster, Carmine Giardino, M. Unterkalmsteiner et al. · 394 citations · ⚡54

Related blog posts

Microsoft Research Blog Oct 6, 2026

What AI gets wrong and what failure teaches us

Jennifer Neville did not want to go into computer science—but that’s exactly where she landed. Neville discusses the starts and stops that led to her professional sweet spot and her work identifying “surprising failures” making it hard for AI to handle complexity.  The post What AI gets wrong and what failure teaches us appeared first on Microsoft Research.

We use cookies to run the site and, with your consent, for analytics and to show ads. See our Cookie Policy.