Knowledge and awareness regarding human papillomavirus and its association with oropharyngeal cancer among the general population in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) represents the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection globally and is recognized as a principal etiological agent of anogenital, cervical and oropharyngeal cancers (OPC). Notably, HPV serves as a significant risk factor for OPC, the incidence of which has been rising worldwide in recent years. This study was conducted to assess the level of awareness and knowledge regarding HPV and its association with OPC among residents of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods All adults (aged 18 years and over, n = 420) were surveyed cross-sectionally in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using structured and self-administered questionnaires online. The instrument included sociodemographic data, and questions about awareness and knowledge of HPV infection and its association with OPC. Descriptive statistics were used for all the variables and there were multiple choice questions to which the answers were ‘Yes’, ‘No’ and ‘Do not know’. Results The adults participated were a total of 420. About half of the respondents (51.7%) were previously heard of HPV and only 21.4% had encountered an awareness campaign about HPV and OPC. Over half (53.6%) correctly identified HPV as not a bacterial infection, while fewer recognized HPV as being contagious (43.1%) and that it could be transmitted through sexual contact (44.3%). Knowledge of HPV prevention was variable; 67.9% recognized that HPV vaccination can reduce the risk of HPV infection, but only 42.4% were aware that vaccines are available to help prevent HPV infection. Also, awareness of the symptoms of OPC and risk factors were inconsistent, with the most common being oral lesions and neck lump, and the most identified risk factors were smoking and alcohol consumption. Most participants (88.1%) reported insufficient knowledge about HPV and OPC and expressed a need for additional information, with social media identified as the preferred strategy for increasing public awareness (38.1%). Conclusion The findings demonstrate important gaps in public knowledge and awareness of HPV, its association with OPC, and HPV prevention among adults in Makkah. Targeted educational interventions and public awareness campaigns are needed to improve understanding of HPV transmission, vaccination, and OPC prevention. Given that most participants expressed a need for additional information, digital platforms, particularly social media, may provide an effective approach for delivering public health education.