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Study on surface performance enhancement mechanism and control of 42CrMo steel by ultrasonic rolling composite processing

Abstract

(English) 42CrMo steel is widely used in key load-bearing components subjected to low-speed, heavy-load, and cyclic service conditions, where fatigue failure is strongly governed by the surface residual stress state, microstructural stability, and surface integrity. URCP, combining static pressure and high-frequency vibration, can introduce severe plastic deformation and beneficial residual compressive stress, thereby significantly improving fatigue resistance. However, the coupled loading mechanism, microstructural evolution, and coordinated optimization of multiple surface performance indicators remain insufficiently understood. This thesis systematically investigates the surface strengthening mechanism and performance control of 42CrMo steel under URCP through mechanical modeling, thermo-mechanical simulation, experimental validation, microstructural characterization, and multi-objective optimization. First, a composite loading mechanical model coupling static pressure and ultrasonic vibration, together with a three-dimensional rolling kinematic model, was established. A modified Johnson–Cook constitutive model suitable for high strain-rate impact conditions was developed, and an analytical model for the depth distribution of residual stress was derived. The results reveal that ultrasonic vibration generates periodic loading–unloading cycles in the contact zone, promoting cumulative plastic deformation and exponential decay of residual compressive stress along depth. Second, a thermo-mechanically coupled finite element model incorporating the initial residual stress induced by turning was established. The effects of static pressure, amplitude, rotational speed, and feed rate on the evolution of stress field, temperature field, and plastic zone were systematically clarified. An energy response threshold was identified near 7 μm amplitude, at which the strengthening layer depth and peak compressive stress increase significantly while maintaining a low-temperature strengthening characteristic. Third, comparative experiments between URCP and CR confirmed that URCP markedly enhances residual compressive stress, hardness, and surface morphology while improving load-bearing capacity and fatigue resistance. Rotating bending fatigue tests demonstrated a clear upward shift of the S–N curve and a significant extension of medium- and high-cycle fatigue life. Simulation and experimental results showed good agreement, with a maximum relative error below 10%. Fourth, the cross-scale microstructural evolution under URCP was clarified. Grain refinement, increased dislocation density, and a higher proportion of low-angle grain boundaries were observed, leading to the formation of a stable gradient deformation layer. The grain orientation evolved from <101> toward <001> and <111>, revealing the intrinsic correlation between microstructural evolution and strengthening performance. Finally, a multi-objective optimization algorithm integrating simulated annealing and particle swarm optimization (PSSAO) was proposed. Combined with response surface modeling, a stable Pareto front was obtained within 250 generations, enabling the coordinated optimization of residual stress, hardness, and surface roughness. The optimized parameter domain achieved residual compressive stress of −1283 to −1296 MPa, hardness of 60.9–61.6 HRC, and surface roughness of 0.120–0.156 μm, demonstrating the effectiveness of URCP for precise surface performance control. (Català) L’acer 42CrMo s’utilitza àmpliament en components estructurals clau sotmesos a condicions de servei de baixa velocitat, càrrega elevada i esforços cíclics, on la fallada per fatiga està fortament determinada per l’estat de tensions residuals, l’estabilitat microestructural i la integritat superficial. El URCP, que combina pressió estàtica i vibració d’alta freqüència, pot induir deformació plàstica severa i introduir tensions residuals compressives beneficioses, millorant significativament la resistència a la fatiga. Tanmateix, el mecanisme de càrrega acoblada, l’evolució microestructural i l’optimització coordinada de múltiples indicadors de rendiment superficial encara no s’han comprès completament. Aquesta tesi investiga de manera sistemàtica el mecanisme de reforç superficial i el control del rendiment de l’acer 42CrMo sota URCP mitjançant modelització mecànica, simulació termo-mecànica, validació experimental, caracterització microestructural i optimització multiobjectiu. En primer lloc, es va establir un model mecànic de càrrega composta que acobla pressió estàtica i vibració ultrasònica, juntament amb un model cinemàtic tridimensional de la trajectòria de laminació. Es va desenvolupar un model constitutiu Johnson–Cook modificat, adequat per a condicions d’impacte a alta velocitat de deformació, i es va derivar un model analític per a la distribució en profunditat de les tensions residuals. Els resultats mostren que la vibració ultrasònica genera cicles periòdics de càrrega–descàrrega a la zona de contacte, promovent l’acumulació de deformació plàstica i una atenuació exponencial de la tensió residual compressiva amb la profunditat. En segon lloc, es va construir un model d’elements finits termo-mecànicament acoblat que incorpora l’estat inicial de tensions residuals induït pel tornejat. Es van aclarir sistemàticament els efectes de la pressió estàtica, l’amplitud, la velocitat de rotació i l’avanç sobre l’evolució del camp de tensions, el camp tèrmic i la zona plàstica. Es va identificar un llindar de resposta energètica proper als 7 μm d’amplitud, en el qual la profunditat de la capa reforçada i el pic de tensió compressiva augmenten significativament, mantenint alhora una característica de reforç a baixa temperatura. En tercer lloc, experiments comparatius entre URCP i CR van confirmar que URCP millora notablement la tensió residual compressiva, la duresa i la morfologia superficial, així com la capacitat portant i la resistència a la fatiga. Els assaigs de fatiga per flexió rotativa van mostrar un desplaçament ascendent clar de la corba S–N i una prolongació significativa de la vida a fatiga en règims de mig i alt nombre de cicles. Els resultats numèrics i experimentals van mostrar una bona concordança, amb un error relatiu màxim inferior al 10 %. En quart lloc, es va aclarir l’evolució microestructural multiescala sota URCP. Es van observar refinament de gra, augment de la densitat de dislocacions i una major proporció de límits de gra de baix angle, formant una capa estable de deformació en gradient. L’orientació cristal·logràfica va evolucionar de <101> cap a <001> i <111>, revelant la correlació intrínseca entre evolució microestructural i efecte de reforç. Finalment, es va proposar un algoritme d’optimització multiobjectiu que integra recuit simulat i optimització per eixam de partícules (PSSAO). Combinat amb un model de superfície de resposta, es va obtenir un front de Pareto estable en 250 generacions, permetent l’optimització coordinada de la tensió residual, la duresa i la rugositat superficial. El domini òptim de paràmetres va assolir tensions residuals compressives de −1283 a −1296 MPa, dureses de 60.9–61.6 HRC i rugositats superficials de 0.120–0.156 μm, demostrant l’eficàcia del URCP per al control precís del rendiment superficial. (Español) El acero 42CrMo se utiliza ampliamente en componentes estructurales clave sometidos a condiciones de servicio de baja velocidad, alta carga y esfuerzos cíclicos, donde la falla por fatiga está fuertemente determinada por el estado de tensiones residuales, la estabilidad microestructural y la integridad superficial. El URCP, que combina presión estática y vibración de alta frecuencia, puede inducir deformación plástica severa e introducir tensiones residuales compresivas beneficiosas, mejorando significativamente la resistencia a la fatiga. Sin embargo, el mecanismo de carga acoplada, la evolución microestructural y la optimización coordinada de múltiples indicadores de rendimiento superficial aún no se comprenden completamente. Esta tesis investiga de manera sistemática el mecanismo de fortalecimiento superficial y el control del rendimiento del acero 42CrMo bajo URCP mediante modelado mecánico, simulación termo-mecánica, validación experimental, caracterización microestructural y optimización multiobjetivo. En primer lugar, se estableció un modelo mecánico de carga compuesta que acopla presión estática y vibración ultrasónica, junto con un modelo cinemático tridimensional del trayecto de rodadura. Se desarrolló un modelo constitutivo Johnson–Cook modificado, adecuado para condiciones de impacto a alta velocidad de deformación, y se derivó un modelo analítico para la distribución en profundidad de las tensiones residuales. Los resultados muestran que la vibración ultrasónica genera ciclos periódicos de carga–descarga en la zona de contacto, promoviendo la acumulación de deformación plástica y una atenuación exponencial de la tensión residual compresiva con la profundidad. En segundo lugar, se construyó un modelo de elementos finitos termo-mecánicamente acoplado que incorpora el estado inicial de tensiones residuales inducido por torneado. Se aclararon sistemáticamente los efectos de la presión estática, amplitud, velocidad de rotación y avance sobre la evolución del campo de tensiones, el campo térmico y la zona plástica. Se identificó un umbral de respuesta energética cercano a 7 μm de amplitud, en el cual la profundidad de la capa endurecida y el pico de tensión compresiva aumentan significativamente, manteniendo al mismo tiempo una característica de fortalecimiento a baja temperatura. En tercer lugar, experimentos comparativos entre URCP y CR confirmaron que URCP mejora notablemente la tensión residual compresiva, la dureza y la morfología superficial, así como la capacidad portante y la resistencia a la fatiga. Los ensayos de fatiga por flexión rotativa mostraron un desplazamiento ascendente claro de la curva S–N y una

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