Re-emergence of Ebola and Marburg virus diseases and recent activity in Africa - the need to shift to more proactive emergency responses.

Abstract

Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus disease are severe, highly lethal infections caused by filoviruses, characterized by rapid transmission, complex clinical management, and major socio-economic impact. A narrative review of recent outbreaks between 2021 and 2025 underscores persistent systemic gaps that compromise early detection and effective containment. The recurrence of Ebola and Marburg outbreaks demonstrates that, although progress has been made since the 2014-2016 West African epidemic, substantial vulnerabilities persist.