Dirofilaria immitis: Latest Developments and Current Status of the Parasite Worldwide

Abstract

Dirofilaria immitis is a mosquito-borne zoonotic nematode that causes significant pathological conditions in dogs and can also infect humans. Climate zones and temperature play a crucial role in the epidemiology of this parasite. In recent years, the increasing number of pet animals, the ease of traveling with dogs, and high mosquito activity in holiday destinations, particularly during summer, have contributed to a rise in infected dogs. Additionally, a lack of awareness among dog owners, the negligence of certain clinical signs by both pet owners and veterinarians, and the consequent failure to perform diagnostic tests have led to a large number of subclinically infected dogs, facilitating the spread of the disease. In this review, current clinical findings, diagnostic methods, treatment approaches, and epidemiological data related to Dirofilaria immitis have been compiled based on recent literature from different parts of the world. In light of these findings, Dirofilaria immitis remains a parasite with high prevalence, frequently overlooked diagnosis, and widespread subclinical infections. Therefore, further studies focusing on preventive measures and control strategies are recommended.