The transfer of postharvest fungicides from citrus peel into foods is a poorly characterised exposure pathway. This study assessed the migration of imazalil (IMZ), thiabendazole (TBZ) and pyrimethanil (PMT) from lemon peel into altogether 25 commonly consumed beverages and soups under everyday use conditions. All fungicides were detectable in every matrix. Leaching efficiencies spanned more than three orders of magnitude, ranging from approximately 1 to 540 ‰ of the original residue load. PMT consistently showed the highest migration across matrices. Alcohol content moderately increased PMT transfer, whereas higher dry matter reduced TBZ and PMT migration; temperature showed no consistent effect. These findings demonstrate that matrix composition strongly influences residue mobility. Although resulting concentrations remained well below regulatory limits, matrix-dependent leaching may contribute to low-level consumer exposure, when untreated lemon peel is frequently used in foods or drinks.
Residues of two applied parent insecticides, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, in sweet potato stems (Ipomoea batatas L.) were investigated during field dissipation, household processing, and dietary exposure assessment. Residues were determined using a QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS method validated in raw and processed matrices. The LOQ was 0.01 mg/kg, matrix-matched calibration showed R2 > 0.999, and recoveries ranged from 77.8 to 104.1%. Field dissipation followed first-order kinetics, with DT50 values of 2.5 days for imidacloprid and 1.8 days for thiamethoxam. Boiling gave the lowest processing factors (0.24 and 0.32), mainly through transfer into boiling water. Microwaving increased fresh-weight concentrations because of moisture loss, although dry-weight reduction factors remained below 1. Age-specific, commodity-specific, chronic dietary exposure estimates for sweet potato stems were low for all sample types and age groups, with %ADI values of 0-0.244% for imidacloprid and 0-0.143% for thiamethoxam. These results provide processing-factor and residue redistribution data that can support chronic dietary exposure assessment for processed sweet potato stems.
Dong Ju Kim, E. Oh, J. Moon et al.· Food Additives and Contamina...· 0 citations
Household cooking reshapes antibiotic exposure from fish not merely by reducing parent residues, but by redistributing and transforming mixtures ultimately consumed. Here, 60 antibiotics were surveyed in 10 commercial aquatic products, and snakehead fish (Channa argus) was selected as a model to compare boiling, steaming, and air frying. All treatments reduced parent antibiotic residues in muscle, with boiling yielding the lowest retention (18.42 ± 0.41%). During boiling, muscle-associated parent antibiotics decreased by 83.38 ± 1.04%, but only 13.70 ± 2.53% of this loss was recovered in broth. Boiling also caused the greatest loss of immobilized water and tissue fragmentation, while moist heating generated a tightly associated water fraction during tissue restructuring. Nontarget screening tentatively assigned 15 enrofloxacin transformation products and revealed treatment-dependent profiles and prediction-weighted signals. These findings indicate that parent-compound depletion alone may overlook cooking-induced partitioning, broth coconsumption, and putative transformation products.
Mei Zhang, Bing-Zhi Yu, Qiu-Yu Wang et al.· Journal of Agricultural and...· 0 citations
Legacy pesticide contamination poses a critical barrier to organic certification of conventional rice farms. This 3‐year study (2021–2023) investigated hexaconazole and tricyclazole persistence in paddy soil, water, rice aboveground biomass (AGB), and grain following foliar application of a premixed formulation to rice (
Oryza sativa
subsp.
japonica
). Double‐exponential modeling revealed biphasic dissipation patterns for both fungicides: rapid initial decline followed by a dominant slow phase (>99%). Rice grain residues remained below maximum residue limits throughout the study; however, hexaconazole in AGB exceeded the animal feed limit (0.01 mg kg
−1
) at the 2021 harvest. Both fungicides persisted in soil across all three growing seasons, while paddy water residues declined below quantification limits by the third year. These findings indicate that the current mandatory 2‐year organic transitional period may be insufficient for farms with a history of hexaconazole and tricyclazole use, warranting extended conversion periods and compound‐specific regulatory reassessment.
Suin Cho, Hye‐In Joe, Tae‐Hwa Kim et al.· Agricultural & Environme...· 0 citations
Flonicamid is a systemic pyridinecarboxamide insecticide used to control sap-sucking pests in agricultural crops. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of flonicamid and its metabolites, N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycine (TFNG), 4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinamide (TFNA-AM), and 4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinic acid (TFNA) in rice plants, brown rice, rice husks, paddy soil, and paddy water. Method validation showed average recoveries of 73–115% with relative standard deviations of 1.1–9.9% across different matrices at three fortification levels. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize the dissipation, degradation, and transformation of flonicamid in the paddy ecosystem, and the dietary risk was assessed. Field dissipation followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of 5.8, 2.9, and 7.1 days in rice plants, paddy soil, and paddy water, respectively. Under laboratory conditions, degradation proceeded markedly faster under aerobic than anaerobic conditions, with half-lives of 0.8–7.1 and 4.7–17.8 days in five typical Chinese soils, respectively. Six transformation products were identified by UHPLC–Q-TOF/MS coupled with UNIFI software (v1.9.4.0), including a novel product (M210) reported for the first time. At pre-harvest intervals of 7–21 days, terminal residues of flonicamid in brown rice were all below the Chinese maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.1 mg/kg. Dietary risk assessment revealed that the acceptable daily intake percentages (%ADI) for 12 population subgroups ranged from 0.128% to 1.031% based on the parent compound, and from 0.404% to 3.808% under the EU residue definition. All values were far below 100%. These results indicate that flonicamid, when applied according to Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), poses a negligible dietary risk to consumers.
Yan Fu, Quan-Sheng Wang, Liang Zhang et al.· Foods· 0 citations
Smoked fish is widely consumed in Nigeria and may serve as a route of exposure to microbial contamination and toxic metals. This study assessed microbial quality, spoilage indicators, proximate composition, and heavy metal content associated with smoked Clarias gariepinus obtained from two farms (A and B) and two markets (A and B) in Ibadan, Nigeria, with implications for public health. Spoilage indicators were higher in market-sourced samples, with peroxide values ranging from 0.93 ± 0.40 mEq/kg in Farm B to 3.37 ± 0.29 mEq/kg in Market B. Total volatile base nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid values were also elevated, indicating increased lipid oxidation and protein degradation. Total viable (3.68 ± 0.79) × 10⁴ and fungal counts (2.66 ± 0.54) × 10⁵ were higher in market samples, although coliforms were not detected. Microbial profiling revealed greater diversity in market fish, including Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, and Geotrichum. Proximate composition was comparable across sources, with low moisture content (4.70–6.70%) and water activity (0.850–0.910), reflecting effective drying. Heavy metal concentrations were generally low in farmed fish but higher in market samples, particularly Market B, following the order arsenic > chromium > lead > cadmium, while mercury was not detected. Estimated daily intake and target hazard quotient values were below established safety thresholds, indicating no health risk. However, elevated spoilage indices and metal levels in market fish highlight the need for routine monitoring to protect consumer health.
Keywords: Biochemical Spoilage; Fish; Markets; Microbial Quality
O. Olowojuni, Nana Kadidia Traore, F. Olaifa· Acta Aquatica· 0 citations
Freeze-dried fruit has gained popularity because it preserves the flavour and nutritional value of fresh fruit while providing extended shelf life. Despite this, there are concerns regarding its chemical safety. This study evaluated 58 freeze-dried fruit products from the Czech retail market, focusing on potential contamination. Pesticide residues and mycotoxins were determined using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Overall, 111 pesticide residues (or their metabolites) and 3 mycotoxins were quantified. After applying processing factors, 12 pesticide residues exceeded EU maximum residue limits. Prohibited substances, including carbofuran, omethoate, and haloxyfop, were detected. Tenuazonic acid was found in 71% of samples, while alternariol and tentoxin were detected less frequently. More than half (54%) of strawberry samples contained 10 or more pesticide residues, indicating potential cumulative exposure concerns, particularly for children with lower body weight. These findings highlight the need for continued monitoring of freeze-dried fruits and further assessment of dietary exposure.
Eva Czmorik Ludvickova, D. Schusterová, Petr Mraz et al.· Food Chemistry· 1 citation
We use cookies to run the site and, with your consent, for analytics and to show ads.
See our Cookie Policy.
