AI Networking Cookbook: Practical recipes for AI-assisted network automation and development
Battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) are essential for maintaining the performance, efficiency, durability, and safety of electric-vehicle battery packs. Although fin-enhanced air-cooled BTMSs offer a simple and leakage-free cooling solution, their practical implementation is often limited by increased weight, insufficient temperature uniformity, and restricted heat-dissipation capability under high thermal loads. This study numerically investigates a compact air-cooled BTMS for two types of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries using aluminum and polypropylene (PP-β) circumferential fins in inline and staggered cell arrangements. Unlike previous fin-based air-cooling investigations, the present study combines a compact 2 × 4 battery pack with transverse and longitudinal center-to-center cell pitches of 1.2D, a direct comparison between metallic and lightweight polymer fins, and an assessment of two 18650 battery types with different capacities, thermophysical properties, and heat-generation characteristics. A three-dimensional steady-state conjugate heat-transfer model was developed in ANSYS Fluent to evaluate the effects of fin number, fin material, cell arrangement, ambient temperature, and inlet airflow velocity under discharge rates ranging from 1 C to 4 C. The results reveal that increasing the number of fins consistently reduced the maximum cell temperature but increased the pressure drop. The inline configuration generally achieved a lower maximum temperature and higher Nusselt number (Nu), whereas the staggered arrangement maintained a substantially lower pressure drop. Relative to the corresponding finless configurations, the Nu increased by 64.4–71.2% for the inline arrangement and 86.4–98.1% for the staggered arrangement. Polypropylene fins provided thermal performance close to that of aluminum fins in terms of maximum temperature while reducing the total fin mass by approximately 44.8%; however, aluminum fins maintained better temperature uniformity. These findings quantify the trade-offs among thermal performance, pressure drop, compact cell spacing, and system weight, providing design guidance for compact fin-enhanced air-cooled BTMSs.
The battery thermal management system plays an important role in controlling temperature to ensure safe and stable battery operation. In this study, a traditional Z-flow airflow pattern was applied to a 4 × 6 lithium-ion battery module consisting of cylindrical 18650 cells. The effect of varying the cooling air inlet angle was investigated using computational fluid dynamics simulations to evaluate thermal performance. The results show that changing the inlet angle to 120° provides the most uniform cooling, with the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference reduced by 5.03 K and 5.09 K, respectively, compared to the original Z-flow model. However, airflow distribution remained insufficient in regions farther from the inlet. To overcome this limitation, an improved design incorporating flow-control baffles and a redesigned outlet configuration was proposed. The optimized model further reduced the maximum module temperature to 308.50 K and the maximum temperature difference to 2.97 K. Although the pressure drop increased from 20.71 Pa to 31.65 Pa, the enhanced airflow circulation significantly improved temperature uniformity and cooling effectiveness. These results are based on CFD simulations under the specified operating conditions and are therefore limited to the investigated battery module configuration and airflow conditions. Future experimental validation is recommended to verify the practical applicability of the proposed design.
Effective thermal regulation is crucial to the safety, efficiency, and longevity of lithium-ion batteries, especially for power-intensive applications, thermally efficient control is essential. A numerical simulation is performed to compare the two cooling methods for a 5x2 Li-ion battery pack: forced air cooling and phase change material (PCM) cooling utilizing n-octadecane. Gravity, the energy equation, and viscous effects were all considered when conducting the transient simulation. Solidification/melting model considered the phase transformation in the case of PCM. PCM cooling demonstrated better thermal regulation than forced air cooling techniques, producing in a 0.74 K lower peak temperature in 100 seconds and a 1.25 K lower average temperature. Effective latent heat absorption, which reaches 15% liquid fraction, is the cause of PCM's superior performance. All things considered, PCM-based cooling is an exploitable way to increase battery safety and dependability, with potential for further research and experimental verification.
In this study, we report a three-dimensional thermal-fluid-coupled finite element model (FEM) for a lithium-ion-battery liquid-cooling system, explicitly incorporating solar irradiance as a boundary condition. The model is validated computationally and used to investigate the pack’s thermal behavior under solar exposure. Two designs of the cooling architecture, focusing on flow channel geometry and manifold configuration, are proposed to enhance thermal management. Numerical analysis shows that the designs significantly improve performance. At an ambient temperature of 35 ℃, the optimized design reduces the maximum and average volumetric temperatures by 40.91 and 48.64%, respectively, compared with a reference configuration. It also achieves a peak temperature reduction of 25.42 ℃ under 2C discharge. We conclude that solar heating can raise the casing temperature of a pack to 79 ℃, driving inward heat conduction, and that optimizing inlet geometry to shorten flow paths is effective in mitigating axial temperature gradients. Furthermore, we propose the present simulation methodology as a practical, time-efficient alternative to year-long outdoor aging tests for battery thermal and degradation evaluation, enabling accelerated testing with rationally selected environmental profiles.
Rotating Detonation Combustors (RDCs) have recently garnered significant attention in aero combustion research due to their potential efficiency advantages over conventional deflagration-based systems. Specifically, small-scale RDCs, such as Micro-RDCs, have proven to be promising alternatives as thrusters or auxiliary power generators. Moreover, their compact dimensions and simple design make Micro-RDCs ideal research platforms for detailed investigation of detonation dynamics and cooling strategies. However, integrating RDCs into gas turbine systems remains challenging, with thermal management emerging as a critical bottleneck due to the extreme heat flux generated during detonation. Heat transfer in RDCs is still an under-explored topic. This work presents a methodology based on an inverse approach to determine the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) distribution along a RDC annulus flow path using measured wall temperature maps on the external surface. An infrared (IR) camera was employed to capture the evolution of the outer wall temperature during detonation tests. The inverse method, in combination with FEM simulations, enabled the retrieval of the spatial distribution of the heat-transfer coefficient (HTC) within the combustion chamber, as well as the heat flux through the outer wall during the detonation transition process. A series of experiments were conducted under varying operating conditions, providing a detailed understanding of the heat flux distribution on the liner and revealing the system's sensitivity to thermal loads. This approach allows for a thorough assessment of the thermal environment, offering key insights for optimizing RDC design and improving thermal management strategies in practical applications.
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