An integrated framework linking LCSC niche regulation with nanotechnology-based precision therapeutics in lung cancer is established, and the therapeutic potential of multifunctional nanoplatforms is highlighted in modulating stemness-associated pathways, overcoming immune suppression, and disrupting metabolic adaptation.
Gastric cancer (GC) continues to be a significant global contributor to cancer-related mortality, primarily due to late-stage diagnoses, tumor heterogeneity, and the frequent emergence of therapeutic resistance. Despite advancements in surgical techniques, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy, long-term survival rates remain unsatisfactory, underscoring the need for innovative, molecularly driven approaches. SiRNA has emerged as a promising gene-silencing tool capable of selectively downregulating oncogenic drivers and pathways associated with resistance via RNA interference. Preclinical studies using GC models demonstrate promising biological activity following siRNA-mediated suppression of various molecular targets - including CD44v6, Rac1, and ZNRD1-leading to reduced cell proliferation, inhibited migration and invasion, enhanced apoptosis, and increased chemosensitivity. However, the successful translation of siRNA-based strategies into clinical practice is fundamentally reliant on the development of efficient and safe delivery systems. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have enabled the development of multifunctional nanocarriers, including lipid-based nanoparticles, peptide-based systems, chitosanderived platforms, exosome-mimetic vesicles, layer-by-layer architectures, and stimuli-responsive theranostic nanoparticles. These engineered platforms are designed to enhance siRNA stability, improve tumor targeting, facilitate intracellular trafficking, and promote endosomal escape while minimizing off-target effects and immune activation. Preclinical findings suggest significant biological potential; however, additional research is required to address issues concerning biodistribution, safety, scalability, and regulatory standardization before clinical application. Overall, siRNA-based strategies may play a crucial role in the future development of precision-oriented therapeutic frameworks in GC research. Importantly, this review emphasizes the integration of molecular target selection with delivery system design in a GC-specific context. By systematically linking validated siRNA targets with corresponding nanocarrier strategies, this work provides a more application-oriented and translationally relevant perspective that is not typically addressed in conventional RNA interference or nanocarrier-focused reviews.
Gheysar Seifollahnezhad, B. Erdağ· Experimental oncology· 0 citations
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a dynamic and complex ecosystem composed of malignant cells, stromal components, immune cells, extracellular matrix, and soluble mediators that collectively drive tumor progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Among its non-malignant constituents, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and immunosuppressive immune populations play central roles in shaping a tumorpermissive niche. Conventional anticancer therapies largely target cancer cells directly, often neglecting the stromal and immune context that enables tumor survival and immune evasion. Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative strategy to overcome these limitations by enabling precise, spatiotemporally controlled modulation of the TME. Nanoparticle-based platforms can selectively deliver drugs, nucleic acids, and immunomodulators to CAFs and immune cells, reprogramming their phenotypes toward tumor-restraining functions. This review critically examines recent advances in nanotechnology-enabled targeting of CAFs and immune suppression within the TME. We discuss the biological rationale for TME reprogramming, design principles of functional nanomaterials, and therapeutic strategies aimed at normalizing fibroblast activity and restoring antitumor immunity. Current challenges, safety considerations, and translational prospects are also highlighted. Collectively, nanotechnology-driven TME modulation represents a promising paradigm shift toward more durable and effective cancer therapies.
Muhindo Edgar· NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNA...· 0 citations
Nanoparticle‐based therapies are a unique new frontier in breast cancer therapy, have considerable clinical potential, offer promise for patient‐specific treatment, and warrant further investigation in breast cancer, particularly in advanced targeting mechanisms, multifunctional approaches, and individualized interventions.
Sina M Matalqah, Laila M Matalqah, Abdel Rahman Al Tawaha et al.· International Journal of Bre...· 3 citations
This comprehensive review provides details on nanocarriers and their loaded delivery systems as effective strategies for breast cancer treatment and provides an updated synthesis of nanocarrier-based approaches, focusing on recent clinical and preclinical innovations in drug delivery, diagnostics, and personalized medicine.
Prerana Sahu, G. Sahu, Harish Sharma et al.· Current Cancer Therapy Revie...· 0 citations
Breast cancer is also one of the most common causes of cancerrelated
deaths in the world, and this is mainly because of the therapeutic resistance and
immune evasion mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. An immunosuppressive
tumor microenvironment, characterized by dysfunctional immune cells and stromal impediments,
limits the efficacy of traditional treatments. The strategies of modulating the
tumor immune microenvironment using nanoparticles have become promising in improving
the outcome of immunotherapies.
A structured narrative review was conducted to evaluate the current
evidence on nanoparticle-mediated immune modulation in breast cancer. A comprehensive
literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases
to identify relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eligible studies included
mechanistic, preclinical (in vitro and in vivo), and clinical investigations examining
nanoparticle-based immunotherapeutic approaches and their effects on the breast cancer
tumor immune microenvironment.
Nanoparticle-based systems, such as lipid-, polymeric-, inorganic-, and biomimetic
systems, can be used to deliver therapeutic agents that target key immune components,
including tumor-associated macrophages, regulatory T cells, and Cytotoxic T
Lymphocytes (CTLs)s. These systems increase antigen presentation and (ICD), which can
be used to boost anti-tumor immune responses. Nonetheless, clinical translation remains
inadequate due to tumor heterogeneity, transport barriers mediated by the extracellular
matrix (ECM), variable delivery efficiency, and safety concerns.
Immunomodulatory strategies using nanoparticles enable immune reprogramming
and enhance therapeutic targeting in the tumor microenvironment. Although
promising preclinical results have been obtained, clinical use is limited due to variable
intratumoral distribution, non-uniform immune interactions, and the lack of standardized
assessment systems. These issues need to be addressed to enhance translational success.
Nanoparticle-mediated immune modulation is a prospective approach to
overcome immunosuppression in breast cancer. Future studies must aim to design nanoparticles
that maximize tumor uptake, incorporate predictive biomarkers, and optimize
clinical utility and therapeutic efficacy.
A. Singh, Shatrudhan Prajapati, Shikha Yadav et al.· Current Pharmacogenomics and...· 0 citations
The high resistance to therapy, molecular heterogeneity, early metastasis, and quick drug resistance make triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) difficult and even impossible to treat. The conventional chemotherapy is highly toxic, not specifically targeting the tumor, and has limited efficacy, so more sophisticated delivery mechanisms are required. To overcome these shortcomings, lipid nanotechnology is provided as a controlled, targeted, and multifunctional drug delivery system. This review outlines the recent developments of lipid nanoparticles for TNBC, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, lipidpolymer hybrids, ionizable lipid nanoparticles, and biomimetic vesicles. These systems enable improved tumor targeting and delivery of chemotherapeutics, gene editing agents, and combination therapeutics. Rational design, targeting strategies, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, targeting cancer stem cells, and breaking multidrug resistance are highlighted. Pharmacokinetic, safety, manufacturing, regulatory, and translational issues are discussed, along with pre-clinical and emerging clinical evidence. Lastly, future directions are suggested to help develop modular, precise, and clinically scalable lipid nanoparticle systems for effective management of TNBC.
Issac V. Cherian, Harpreet Kaur, Kamre Aalam et al.· Nano LIFE· 0 citations
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