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A Shadow's Edge Is Soft Not Because Light Bends Around It but Because the Sun Is Not a Point ── Against the Sun's angular diameter of 1919.3 arcseconds (0.533139 degrees), the penumbra widens in exact proportion to distance: 9.305029 mm at 1 m and 93.050290 mm at 10 m ── the separator is whether the gap is larger or smaller than the Sun's image ── [Paper 671]

Sep 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Abstract

The edge of a shadow is soft. It is sometimes said that light bends around the obstacle, but in sunlight it is not diffraction that softens the edge. Taking the Sun to be not a point but a disc 0.533139 degrees across, the softness of the edge and the shape of dappled sunlight are counted. No new theorem or law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new theorem or law is claimed──the geometry of umbra and penumbra, the Sun's angular diameter, and the condition for a pinhole image are all standard (Minnaert 1954, Hecht 2017). Diffraction is not treated──a diffraction scale is computed only to compare, and the diffracted image itself is not calculated. No eclipse is predicted──the saros cycle, eclipse prediction and the track on the ground are not the subject. The solar disc is taken as uniform──limb darkening is not included, and the angular diameter is a representative value that varies through the year. Brightness is not computed──the distribution of brightness across the penumbra and the light a shadow receives from the blue sky are not treated. Only the width of the edge is examined. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 323 showed that the "three" in three primaries is a property of the receiver and not of light──here the softness of a shadow's edge is a property neither of the object nor of the receiver, but of the shape of the source. What is added is deriving the penumbra width by distance, deriving the distance at which the umbra ends by object size, deriving where gap and image trade places, putting a number on the ratio of diffraction scale to penumbra, and placing the separator on gap against image. First, the penumbra widens in proportion to distance──against an angular diameter of 1919.3 arcseconds, the penumbra is 9.305029 mm at 1 m, 93.050290 mm at 10 m and 930.502898 mm at 100 m (Section 2). Second, and this is the core. A small object loses its umbra almost at once──the umbra of an object 10 mm across ends at 1.074688 m, and one 1 mm across at 0.107469 m (Section 2). Third, beyond that, what falls is an image of the Sun and not the shape of the gap──a gap of 5 mm becomes smaller than the Sun's image beyond 0.537344 m, and what reaches the ground is a round image. This is why dappled sunlight is round (Section 3). Fourth, diffraction does not account for it──the diffraction scale at 1 m is 0.741620 mm, one 12.546899th of the penumbra there, and at 10 m one 39.676777th (Section 2). Fifth, the same geometry sets how narrow a solar eclipse is──the Moon's umbra, 3.734325x10^8 m long, is 0.971468 of its distance from the Earth, and only just reaches (Section 3). Sixth, the separator is whether the gap is larger or smaller than the Sun's image──larger, and the gap's shape falls; smaller, and the Sun's shape does (Section 4). The edge of a sunlit shadow is not softened by light bending around the obstacle. Because the Sun is 0.533139 degrees across, the penumbra widens in proportion to distance, 9.305029 mm at 1 m and 93.050290 mm at 10 m, and an object 10 mm across loses its umbra at 1.074688 m. The diffraction scale at the same distance is 0.741620 mm, one 12.546899th of the penumbra──what softens the edge is the extent of the source. So when a gap is smaller than the image, what falls is the Sun's shape and not the gap's──for a gap of 5 mm the boundary is 0.537344 m, and beyond it dappled sunlight is round. The separator is whether the gap is larger or smaller than the Sun's image. Placed among the earlier papers──where Paper 323 called the "three" a property of the receiver, this softness is a property of the source. To be honest──neither the diffracted image nor the brightness across the penumbra was computed, and the angular diameter is a representative value. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. Keywords: penumbra, umbra, angular diameter of the Sun, pinhole image, dappled sunlight, solar eclipse. ----- 影の縁はぼやける。光が回り込むからだと言われることがあるが、日なたの影でぼやけを作っているのは回折ではない。太陽が点ではなく、0.533139 度の広がりを持つことから、縁のぼやけと木漏れ日の形を数える。新しい定理も法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい定理も法則も主張しない──半影と本影の幾何、太陽の視直径、ピンホール像の条件は、いずれも既知である(ミナールト 1954、ヘクト 2017)。回折を扱わない──幾何が効いていることを示すために広がりの目安と比べるだけで、回折の像そのものは計算しない。日食を予報しない──サロス周期、食の予報、地上での帯の位置は主題ではない。太陽面を一様とする──周縁減光は入れない。視直径は代表値であり、地球の公転で 1 年のうちに動く。明るさを計算しない──半影の中の明るさの分布、青空からの照り返しによる影の明るさは扱わない。縁の幅だけを見る。既刊との関係:論文323 は三原色の「三」が光の性質ではなく受け手の性質であることを示した──本稿では、影の縁のぼやけが、物の性質でも受け手の性質でもなく、光源の形(太陽の視直径)の性質である。加えたのは、半影の幅を距離ごとに出したこと、本影が消える距離を物の大きさごとに出したこと、隙間と像の大小が入れ替わる距離を出したこと、回折の広がりと半影の比を数にしたこと、分離子を「隙間が太陽の像より大きいか小さいか」に置いたことである。 第一に、半影の幅は距離に比例する──太陽の視直径 1919.3 秒角に対し、半影の幅は 1 m で 9.305029 mm、10 m で 93.050290 mm、100 m で 930.502898 mm だった(第2節)。 第二に、これが本稿の芯である。小さい物の影は、すぐに本影を失う──直径 10 mm の物体の本影が消える距離は 1.074688 m、直径 1 mm なら 0.107469 m にすぎない(第2節)。 第三に、そこから先は、隙間の形ではなく太陽の像が映る──隙間 5 mm は 0.537344 m より先では太陽の像より小さくなり、地面に落ちるのは丸い像になる。これが木漏れ日が丸い理由である(第3節)。 第四に、回折では説明がつかない──距離 1 m での回折の広がりの目安は 0.741620 mm で、同じ距離の半影 9.305029 mm の 12.546899 分の 1、10 m では 39.676777 分の 1 にしかならない(第2節)。 第五に、同じ幾何が、日食の帯の狭さを決めている──月の本影の長さ 3.734325x10^8 m は、月と地球の距離の 0.971468 倍で、ようやく届く長さである(第3節)。 第六に、分離子は、隙間が太陽の像より大きいか小さいかである──大きければ隙間の形が落ち、小さければ太陽の形が落ちる(第4節)。 日なたの影の縁がぼやけるのは、光が回り込むからではない。太陽が 0.533139 度の広がりを持つので、半影の幅は距離に比例して 1 m で 9.305029 mm、10 m で 93.050290 mm になり、直径 10 mm の物体は 1.074688 m で本影を失う。同じ距離の回折の広がりは 0.741620 mm で、半影の 12.546899 分の 1 にすぎない──ぼやけを作っているのは光源の広がりである。だから隙間が像より小さければ、落ちるのは隙間の形ではなく太陽の形になる──5 mm の隙間なら 0.537344 m がその境目で、木漏れ日はそこから先で丸くなる。分離子は、隙間が太陽の像より大きいか小さいかである。既刊との位置──論文323 が「三」を受け手の性質と呼んだのに対し、ここでのぼやけは光源の形の性質である。正直に言えば──回折の像も半影の中の明るさも計算しておらず、視直径は代表値である。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。 キーワード:半影、本影、太陽の視直径、ピンホール像、木漏れ日、日食。

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