This study assesses the adequacy of Saudi Arabia’s legal and regulatory framework for public-private partnership (PPP) contracts, focusing on stakeholder relations, accountability, transparency, risk allocation, and long-term sustainability. Using a qualitative legal-institutional methodology, it combines doctrinal ana...
Good governance has become one of the core components of sustainable development and social justice within the framework of international law. Focusing on key international instruments—including the United Nations Charter (1945), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the United Nations Covenants, the UNCAC...
Zakat institutions operate within increasingly complex governance environments in which legal authority, financial accountability, social welfare, and institutional effectiveness must be reconciled. Formal regulation, transparency requirements, and digitalisation, however, do not necessarily ensure that institutional d...
This article interrogates the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) sovereignty as an emerging site of normative tension within international law. As states increasingly assert jurisdiction over AI technologies and digital infrastructures, established doctrines, particularly those concerning territoriality, jurisdi...
This study systematically reviews peer-reviewed literature published from 2015 to 2025 to examine how interoperability, accountability, and institutional coordination can be achieved through IIS and proposes a unified framework integrating interoperability, accountability outcomes, and institutional coordination.
This article develops an institutional account of how internationally recognised social, cultural and socioeconomic interests acquire practical effect through domestic governance in China’s southwest borderlands. It identifies governance-based institutional realisation as the production of normatively relevant conditio...
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