SUSTAINABILITY FOUNDATION VS. MARKET VOLATILITY: THE ROLE OF ESG IN CREATING LONG-TERM FIRM VALUE AT PT ANTAM TBK

Abstract

This study aims to examine the role of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) in enhancing firm value at PT Aneka Tambang Tbk (ANTAM) during the period 2019–2025. The research employs a descriptive quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from sustainability reports, annual reports, and official corporate publications, as well as international standards such as GRI, TCFD, and the OJK Sustainable Finance Roadmap. Firm value is analyzed using two indicators: stock price as a proxy for market value and Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA) as a proxy for operational performance and economic value. The analysis applies a descriptive-comparative method by linking empirical findings with signaling theory, legitimacy theory, and stakeholder theory. The results indicate that ANTAM’s ESG performance shows a relatively consistent improvement across environmental, social, and governance dimensions, reflected in carbon emission control, energy efficiency, human capital development, and strengthened corporate governance. Although stock prices fluctuate due to external factors and commodity market volatility, the stability and upward trend of EBITDA suggest stronger operational fundamentals. These findings highlight that ESG functions as a long-term value creation foundation, where its impact on market value is not always immediate but accumulates through sustained sustainability practices and improved external conditions.