Pathophysiology and Contemporary Management Approaches in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Abstract

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible central vision loss in the elderly, primarily affecting the macula. Objective: This review examines the pathophysiology of AMD, evaluates current treatment modalities, and highlights outcomes from ongoing management strategies. Methods: Relevant clinical studies, epidemiological data, and randomized clinical trials were reviewed to assess disease mechanisms and the efficacy of available therapies. Results: Oxidative stress, genetic susceptibility, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction are central to AMD pathology. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy significantly improves visual outcomes in neovascular (wet) AMD, whereas antioxidant supplementation offers limited benefit in dry AMD. Conclusion: AMD remains a significant public health concern. Anti-VEGF therapies have revolutionized the management of wet AMD, but preventive strategies and novel therapeutic approaches are essential to address the unmet needs in dry AMD.