Landscape Genomics Reveals Divergent Adaptation Modes and Predicts Climate Vulnerability in Xinjiang Indigenous Sheep

Abstract

Simple Summary Global warming threatens native sheep breeds that have adapted to unique local climates, yet we still lack clear knowledge about how these sheep adjust at the genetic level and how well they will cope with hotter, drier weather in the future. This study collected genetic material from six types of local sheep living in plateau, desert and grassland areas to find gene patterns linked to temperature and moisture conditions, and forecast their ability to survive future climate shifts. We found that changes in sheep genes are mainly shaped by year-round temperature swings, followed by seasonal rainfall and dryness. Multiple key genes that help sheep handle drought, cold and low oxygen were identified. Predictions show that sheep from dry western regions will struggle much more with future extreme weather, while breeds from central and eastern areas can tolerate wider climate changes. Our findings offer practical guidance to protect vulnerable local sheep varieties and breed climate-resilient sheep, supporting stable sheep farming as the planet’s climate keeps changing.