Advanced Control Strategies for Hybrid Fuel Cell/Lithium-Ion Battery Systems in Renewable Applications

Abstract

This paper presents a model predictive control (MPC)-based energy management strategy for hybrid power systems combining a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery storage unit for renewable energy applications. The proposed framework optimizes power allocation between the two sources while respecting operational constraints, including current limits, power balance requirements, and state-of-charge (SOC) bounds with soft constraints to prevent overcharging and deep discharging. Unlike conventional rule-based approaches, the MPC formulation employs a quadratic cost function with tunable weighting factors that enable flexible prioritization of either fuel cell conservation or battery lifetime extension. Accurate yet computationally efficient models are developed for both components: an equivalent circuit model for the LFP battery and a theoretical electrochemical model for the PEMFC. The performance of the proposed strategy is validated through comprehensive simulations under realistic renewable generation and load profiles. Five case studies are examined, each representing different operational scenarios characterized by varying initial SOC conditions and component prioritization weights. The results demonstrate that the MPC-based approach effectively manages power distribution, maintains SOC within safe operating ranges, and adapts to changing system conditions. Quantitative analysis shows that the tunable weighting strategy successfully limits high-current events, reducing high-current operation and potentially mitigating current-related degradations. The proposed framework offers a scalable and flexible solution for improving the reliability of hybrid energy storage in modern renewable grids.