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Multi-temporal polarimetric InSAR deformation monitoring considering spatiotemporal scattering variability

Abstract

(English) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) enables millimeter-level measurements of surface deformation over large areas and long time spans, and has become an important tool for geohazard monitoring and infrastructure safety assessment. However, in natural environments with dense vegetation, intensive agricultural activity, or strong surface disturbance, rapid variations in scattering mechanisms often cause severe coherence loss, which significantly limits the accuracy and density of deformation monitoring. By introducing multi-polarization observations, multi-temporal Polarimetric InSAR (MT-PolInSAR) improves InSAR performance in complex low-coherence scenarios. Nevertheless, existing MT-PolInSAR methods still face two major limitations: insufficient consideration of the spatial and temporal variability of scattering mechanisms, and inadequate exploitation of the complementary information in the polarimetric, temporal, and spatial domains within a unified framework. To address these issues, this thesis investigates phase optimization and deformation monitoring for MT-PolInSAR under low-coherence conditions. A systematic methodology is developed by exploiting the redundancy and scattering information contained in polarimetric SAR data, including homogeneous filtering for small datasets, polarimetric phase optimization with spatially varying scattering mechanisms, joint phase optimization in the temporal and polarimetric domains, and sequential near-real-time processing. First, a homogeneous filtering method for MT-PolInSAR small datasets is proposed. By introducing spatial covariance structures and jointly exploiting temporal and polarimetric redundancy, the method improves pixel discrimination and enhances the signal-to-noise ratio. Experiments on simulated data and Barcelona Airport data demonstrate improved phase quality, more stable coherence estimation, and better preservation of spatial structures. Second, an improved polarimetric phase optimization method, termed ImESPO, is proposed to account for spatial variations in scattering mechanisms. Unlike conventional methods, it explicitly considers local scattering heterogeneity during polarimetric projection. Results show that ImESPO achieves more stable coherence gains and phase consistency in heterogeneous areas, improving phase estimation accuracy by more than 20%. Third, a joint phase optimization model combining the temporal and polarimetric dimensions, termed JPTPO, is developed. By jointly modeling both dimensions within a unified statistical framework, the method achieves improved phase consistency and more stable deformation inversion results on both simulated and real datasets. Finally, a near-real-time MT-PolInSAR deformation monitoring method is proposed for rapid-decorrelation scenarios. Applied to landslide monitoring in the Fengjie area of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the proposed method increases measurement density by a factor of four and improves monitoring accuracy from 18.4% to 71.8%, while maintaining near-real-time capability. Overall, this thesis advances the theory and methodology of MT-PolInSAR deformation monitoring in complex low-coherence environments, providing new solutions for high-precision and continuous monitoring of landslides and other geohazards. (Català) El radar d’obertura sintètica interferomètric (InSAR) permet mesurar deformacions superficials amb precisió mil·limètrica en grans àrees i al llarg de períodes prolongats, i s’ha convertit en una eina clau per a la monitorització de riscos geològics i l’avaluació de la seguretat d’infraestructures. Tanmateix, en entorns naturals amb vegetació densa, activitat agrícola intensa o fortes pertorbacions superficials, les variacions ràpides dels mecanismes de dispersió solen provocar una pèrdua severa de coherència, fet que limita significativament la precisió i la densitat de la monitorització de deformacions. Gràcies al desenvolupament del SAR polarimètric (PolSAR), l’InSAR polarimètric multitemporal (MT-PolInSAR) incorpora observacions multipolaritzades i millora el rendiment de l’InSAR en escenaris complexos de baixa coherència. No obstant això, els mètodes MT-PolInSAR existents encara presenten dues limitacions principals: consideren de manera insuficient la variabilitat espacial i temporal dels mecanismes de dispersió, i no aprofiten plenament la informació complementària dels dominis polarimètric, temporal i espacial dins d’un marc unificat. Per abordar aquests problemes, aquesta tesi estudia l’optimització de fase i la monitorització de la deformació mitjançant MT-PolInSAR en condicions de baixa coherència. Aprofitant la redundància i la informació de dispersió contingudes en les dades SAR polarimètriques, es desenvolupa una metodologia sistemàtica que inclou el filtratge homogeni per a conjunts de dades petits, l’optimització polarimètrica de fase amb mecanismes de dispersió espacialment variables, l’optimització conjunta en els dominis temporal i polarimètric, i el processament seqüencial gairebé en temps real. En primer lloc, es proposa un mètode de filtratge homogeni per a conjunts petits de MT-PolInSAR. Mitjançant la introducció d’estructures de covariància espacial i l’explotació conjunta de la redundància temporal i polarimètrica, el mètode millora la discriminació de píxels i augmenta la relació senyal-soroll. Els experiments amb dades simulades i amb dades de l’Aeroport de Barcelona mostren una millor qualitat de fase, una estimació de coherència més estable i una millor preservació de les estructures espacials. En segon lloc, es proposa un mètode millorat d’optimització de fase polarimètrica, anomenat ImESPO, per considerar la variació espacial dels mecanismes de dispersió. A diferència dels mètodes convencionals, el mètode proposat incorpora explícitament l’heterogeneïtat local durant la projecció polarimètrica. Els resultats mostren que ImESPO aconsegueix guanys de coherència més estables i una millor consistència de fase en àrees heterogènies, amb una millora superior al 20 % en la precisió de l’estimació de fase. En tercer lloc, es desenvolupa un model d’optimització conjunta de fase que combina les dimensions temporal i polarimètrica, anomenat JPTPO. En modelar ambdues dimensions dins d’un marc estadístic unificat, el mètode millora la consistència de fase i l’estabilitat de la inversió de deformació en dades simulades i reals. Finalment, es proposa un mètode de monitorització de deformacions MT-PolInSAR gairebé en temps real per a escenaris de decorrelació ràpida. Aplicat al seguiment d’esllavissades a la zona de Fengjie, a l’embassament de les Tres Gorges, el mètode incrementa la densitat de mesura en un factor de quatre i millora la precisió de monitorització del 18,4 % al 71,8 %, mantenint la capacitat de processament gairebé en temps real. En conjunt, aquesta tesi amplia la teoria i la metodologia de MT-PolInSAR per a la monitorització de deformacions en entorns complexos de baixa coherència, i proporciona noves solucions per a la monitorització contínua i d’alta precisió d’esllavissades i altres riscos geològics. (Español) La interferometría radar de apertura sintética (InSAR) permite medir deformaciones superficiales con precisión milimétrica en grandes áreas y durante largos periodos, por lo que se ha convertido en una herramienta clave para la monitorización de riesgos geológicos y la evaluación de la seguridad de infraestructuras. Sin embargo, en entornos naturales con vegetación densa, actividad agrícola intensa o fuertes perturbaciones superficiales, las rápidas variaciones de los mecanismos de dispersión suelen provocar una pérdida severa de coherencia, lo que limita significativamente la precisión y la densidad de la monitorización de deformaciones. Gracias al desarrollo del radar polarimétrico de apertura sintética (PolSAR), el InSAR polarimétrico multitemporal (MT-PolInSAR) incorpora observaciones multipolarizadas y mejora el rendimiento del InSAR en escenarios complejos de baja coherencia. No obstante, los métodos MT-PolInSAR existentes aún presentan dos limitaciones principales: consideran de forma insuficiente la variabilidad espacial y temporal de los mecanismos de dispersión, y no aprovechan plenamente la información complementaria de los dominios polarimétrico, temporal y espacial dentro de un marco unificado. Para abordar estos problemas, esta tesis estudia la optimización de fase y la monitorización de deformación mediante MT-PolInSAR en condiciones de baja coherencia. Aprovechando la redundancia y la información de dispersión contenidas en los datos SAR polarimétricos, se desarrolla una metodología sistemática que incluye filtrado homogéneo para conjuntos de datos pequeños, optimización polarimétrica de fase con mecanismos de dispersión espacialmente variables, optimización conjunta en los dominios temporal y polarimétrico, y procesamiento secuencial casi en tiempo real. En primer lugar, se propone un método de filtrado homogéneo para conjuntos pequeños de MT-PolInSAR. Mediante la introducción de estructuras de covarianza espacial y el aprovechamiento conjunto de la redundancia temporal y polarimétrica, el método mejora la discriminación de píxeles y aumenta la relación señal-ruido. Los experimentos con datos simulados y con datos del aeropuerto de Barcelona muestran una mejor calidad de fase, una estimación de coherencia más estable y una mejor preservación de las estructuras espaciales. En segundo lugar, se propone un método mejorado de optimización de fase polarimétrica, denominado ImESPO, para considerar la variación espacial de los mecanismos de dispersión. A diferencia de los métodos convencionales, el método propuesto incorpora explícitamente la heterogeneidad local durante la proyección polarimétrica. Los resultados muestran que ImESPO logra ganancias de coherencia más estables y una mejor consistencia de fase en áreas heterogéneas, con una mejora superior al 20 % en la precisión de estimación de fase.

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