Cell-laden hybrid gelatin–polyvinyl alcohol bioinks crosslinked with genipin for diabetic wound healing: A safety and efficacy analysis
TL;DR
It is suggested that 3D-bioprinted GE–PVA hydrogels represent a promising strategy for promoting rapid, effective chronic wound healing and may serve as a potential alternative for future skin tissue-engineering applications.
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an advanced tissue-engineering approach that utilises biomaterial-based bioinks to replace damaged skin and promote tissue regeneration. Compared with conventional skin grafting procedures, which are often painful and limited in treating extensive or irregular wounds, 3D-bioprinted constructs offer a more adaptable and minimally invasive alternative. Previously optimised biocompatible, biodegradable, and printable bioink formulations were further evaluated for skin regeneration using a diabetic mouse model of chronic wound healing from day 0 to day 17. Gelatin (GE) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were formulated at different compositions (6% GE:0% PVA and 6% GE:5% PVA), with 0.1% genipin incorporated as a crosslinking agent to improve structural stability and printability. Assessment of PBMC metabolic activity supported the biocompatibility of the formulated hydrogels. In a full-thickness excisional wound model, bioink-treated groups exhibited accelerated wound closure, improved tissue organisation, and enhanced skin maturation compared with untreated controls. Furthermore, subcutaneous implantation studies revealed substantial hydrogel biodegradation within 14 days. Histological observations indicated the formation of skin microstructures resembling native tissue. Overall, these findings suggest that 3D-bioprinted GE–PVA hydrogels represent a promising strategy for promoting rapid, effective chronic wound healing and may serve as a potential alternative for future skin tissue-engineering applications.