Critical Factors Affecting Labour Productivity: Evidence from Construction Industry

Abstract

Labour productivity significantly influences the cost, time, and overall success of construction projects. This study identifies and analyses critical factors affecting labour productivity in building construction projects in the Central Gujarat region, India. An extensive literature review initially identified 66 factors, which were refined through expert consultation to 42 significant factors classified into seven categories. A structured questionnaire survey was distributed to 100 construction professionals, yielding 48 valid responses. Data were analysed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and Importance Index (IMPI) methods. A comprehensive comparative analysis including Spearman rank correlation (ρ = 0.497, p < 0.001), frequency-severity quadrant analysis, and rank shift assessment revealed significant divergences between perceived importance and actual field impact. "Lack of experience and skill of labour" emerged as the most critical factor under both methods (RII = 0.8906; IMPI = 71.39%). Additionally, a parametric sensitivity study using calibrated Multiple Linear Regression model, formulated for 12mm cement plastering work, quantified individual and combined factor effects, revealing a 5.1 times productivity difference between worst-case and best-case scenarios. The Pareto analysis confirmed that the three highest-ranked predictors account for approximately 68% of the factor-attributable productivity. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for developing targeted management strategies to improve construction labour productivity.