A Hybrid Energy Storage System with Multi-Controller Energy Management for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

Abstract

The increasing penetration of photovoltaic systems into modern power grids introduces significant challenges related to power intermittency and grid stability. This paper presents a comprehensive hybrid energy storage system that combines battery and supercapacitor technologies with a novel multi-controller energy management system integrating Proportional-Integral-Derivative, Model Predictive Control, and Fuzzy Logic Control strategies. Through detailed simulation analysis over a sixty-second operational period, the effectiveness of the system in mitigating photovoltaic power fluctuations, maintaining grid frequency stability, and extending battery cycle life through strategic power sharing is demonstrated. The filter-based power allocation mechanism successfully separates lowfrequency components for battery management and high-frequency transients for supercapacitor handling. Results indicate that the hybrid approach maintains grid frequency within plus or minus 0.5 Hertz of the nominal 50 Hertz, preserves battery state of charge between twenty percent and ninety percent, and leverages the complementary advantages of multiple control strategies. This research provides a robust framework for sustainable grid integration of renewable energy sources, with significant implications for future smart grid development.