Depressive symptoms are reflected differently across digital contexts

Abstract

As more of everyday life takes place online, digital behavior may provide a potential window into how depressive symptoms are reflected in daily life. Yet digital mental health studies have produced mixed findings. These inconsistencies may partly reflect how digital behavior is measured: self reported use, single device studies, and aggregate screen time can obscure differences across devices, activities, and patterns of engagement. We combined monthly assessments of depressive symptoms with passively recorded mobile and desktop web traces from 1,146 adults in Germany over six months. We examined how general, cognitive-affective, and somatic depressive symptoms are reflected across digital contexts defined by device and activity type. Associations varied markedly across these contexts. On mobile, more severe symptoms were associated with more nighttime activity, greater use of social media, messaging, and entertainment, and fewer but longer sessions. On desktop, associations were fewer and largely involved reduced engagement with news, shopping, and adult content. Mobile associations primarily arose for general and cognitive-affective symptoms, whereas desktop associations were concentrated in somatic symptoms. Our findings suggest that characterizing how depressive symptoms are reflected in digital behavior requires attending to what people do online and where, not only how much screens are used.