ISOMORPH: A Supply Chain Digital Twin for Simulation, Dataset Generation, and Forecasting Benchmarks

Abstract

Open time-series forecasting (TSF) benchmarks cover retail, energy, weather, and traffic, but supply-chain logistics remains underserved. We introduce ISOMORPH, the first public digital twin of a multi-echelon logistics network with interpretable, user-configurable parameters and modular topology, demand, and control rules. The simulator advances a directed routing graph in discrete time: demand is served from inventory or recorded as backlog and triggers replenishment throughout the network. The state tracks inventory, outstanding orders, in-transit shipments, and a smoothed demand estimate, yielding Markovian dynamics on a tractable state space. The released data reproduces the bullwhip effect at empirically consistent magnitudes, while three conservation laws provide verification tools for simulator extensions. We release datasets at two catalogue scales ($C=50$ and $C=200$), with a 33-rollout scenario library at $C=50$. These datasets exhibit dynamics largely absent from fixed TSF benchmarks, including variance amplification, cascading bottlenecks, regime shifts, and cross-channel coupling through shared macro shocks. Zero-shot evaluation of three foundation models (Chronos, Moirai, TimesFM) against three in-domain-trained baselines (ARIMA, ETS, PatchTST) spans four targets: demand, backlog, fill rate, and edge utilization. Comparison with ETTh1, Electricity, and Weather shows that ISOMORPH introduces forecasting regimes that differ from standard real-world TSF benchmarks, positioning it as a complementary, regenerable logistics-domain benchmark. The same pairing produces forecast confidence bands across scenario configurations, providing forward UQ from parameter uncertainty and demonstrating foundation models as fast surrogates for digital-twin-based UQ. Code (MIT): https://github.com/tuhinsahai/ISOMORPH. Interactive demo: https://huggingface.co/spaces/HyeminGu/ISOMORPH-demo.