2026· International journal of research and scientific innovation· Vol 13, pp. 6933-6942· 0 citations
Abstract
Geological mapping is essential for understanding the relationships among geomorphology, stratigraphy, lithology, and structural geology, which collectively control landscape evolution. This study aims to characterize the geomorphology, stratigraphy, structural geology, and geological evolution of the Rembang area and its surroundings in the North Serayu Zone, Central Java, Indonesia. The research employed an integrated qualitative and quantitative geological mapping approach combining field investigations, geomorphological analysis, stratigraphic interpretation, structural measurements, petrographic observations, Geographic Information System (GIS), and Digital Elevation Model (DEM-SRTM) analysis over a 16 km² study area. The results identified two principal geomorphological units, namely denudational hills (55%) and denudational plains (45%), characterized by dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage patterns controlled by lithological resistance and tectonic structures. Stratigraphically, the area consists of three major lithological units: Andesite Intrusion, Andesite Breccia, and Quaternary Alluvial Deposits, representing successive magmatic, volcanic, and surface depositional processes. Structural analysis revealed a dominant northwest-southeast tectonic trend expressed by joints and a dextral normal fault that significantly controls ridge alignment, valley orientation, and drainage development. Petrographic observations indicate porphyritic to aphanitic andesite composed predominantly of plagioclase, quartz, and biotite, confirming shallow intrusive magmatism. The reconstructed geological evolution suggests that the area experienced Pliocene magmatism, followed by Pleistocene volcanism, subsequent tectonic deformation, and ongoing Holocene denudation and fluvial sedimentation. These findings demonstrate that the present landscape represents the combined effects of lithological resistance, tectonic deformation, and prolonged denudational processes, providing valuable insights for regional geological interpretation, geohazard assessment, land-use planning, and geotourism development.
Geomorphic features, drainage patterns and topography are key indicators of active tectonics. This study examines geomorphological characteristics and geological hazards, specifically earthquakes and landslides, in the Muzaffarabad region. The findings contribute to disaster risk reduction and achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). Field‐based geomorphological studies and satellite imagery were used to analyse the geomorphological characteristics of the region. Five geomorphic indices, namely asymmetry factor (AF), drainage basin shape index (Db), slope analysis, valley floor width‐to‐height (
V
f
) ratios and hypsometric curves, were calculated using shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model (SRTM DEM). Features such as drainage offsets, stream deflections, faceted spurs, seismicity, deformed recent sediments and point bars dissection near the Jhelum and Muzaffarabad faults suggest left‐lateral oblique‐slip motion, indicating the tectonically active nature of these faults. The geomorphic and neotectonics analysis concludes that the Muzaffarabad region is highly susceptible to earthquakes and landslides, particularly, in fault‐affected areas. A flood susceptibility analysis using multi‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in ArcGIS was conducted to enhance climate resilience and disaster preparedness (SDG 13) and support (SDG 6) by identifying flood‐prone areas. Three high‐risk flood zones were identified: Neelum River–Shawai Nala confluence, Jhelum–Neelum rivers convergence at Domel and a low‐lying area near the Lohargali landslide. This study highlights the importance of integrating morphometric, geomorphological and geospatial techniques for effective disaster risk reduction (SDGs 11 and 13), climate‐resilient infrastructure (SDG 9), addressing SDG 6 and sustainable urban development, ensuring long‐term safety in tectonically active regions. Additionally, the methodology in this study, integrating multiple existing techniques, can be expanded for hazard assessment in other regions.
Waqar Ayub, Ahmed Nabi, M. Jabran et al.· Geological Journal· 0 citations
This study investigates the geology, petrography, geochemistry, structural characteristics, and
economic mineralization potential of the crystalline basement rocks of Tillie and environs, Toro
Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Northeastern Nigeria. The study area forms part of the
Nigerian Basement Complex within the Pan-African Mobile Belt that reflect multiple tectono
metamorphic events related to the Pan-African orogeny. Field mapping, petrographic studies,
structural analysis, and geochemical investigations were integrated to characterize the
lithological units and evaluate their petrogenesis and mineralization potential. Geological
mapping involved reconnaissance surveys, traverse mapping, outcrop description, structural
measurements, GPS logging, and systematic sample collection. Thirty-seven representative rock
samples and stream sediment samples were collected from various locations across the study area
where 22 were analyzed. Structural data including foliations, fractures, joints, veins, and
lineaments were measured using a compass clinometer to determine the tectonic framework which
conformed to the NW- SE trend. Petrographic analysis was carried out using thin section
microscopy under plane-polarized and cross-polarized light. The petrographic results revealed
that the dominant lithologies include Banded orthogneiss, stromatic migmatites, alkali feldspar
granites, syenogranites and associated pegmatite and trachyte. Mineral assemblages identified
include quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, muscovite, garnet, orthopyroxene, mymerkite, and
opaque minerals. Geochemical analyses using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)
revealed compositional variations among the rock units and provided insight into their
petrogenesis. The rocks generally display felsic compositions with enrichment in silica, alkalis,
and light rare earth elements, consistent with crustal-derived melts, calc-alkaline, metaluminous
to slightly peralkaline affinities. Geochemical signatures suggest that the granitic and migmatitic
rocks were generated largely through partial melting and reworking of pre-existing continental
crust during the Pan-African tectono-thermal event. Trace element distributions and rare earth
element concentration indicate possible concentration for rare earth element-bearing accessory
minerals, zircon concentration and highly anomalous concentration of Antimony (21.6 wt.%).
P. Lila· International Journal of Agr...· 0 citations
The landscape of Southern Italy is widely affected by landslide processes of different types, sizes and ages, which locally play an important role in the landscape evolution, slope evolution, and sediment mobility of different sectors of the belt. We perform a statistical analysis of a landslide inventory map that covers the administrative territory of Basilicata, southern Italy, aimed at the investigation of the interplay between landslide distribution and lithological and geomorphological factors. Statistical analysis of the landslide inventory map and the comparison with geothematic maps and landscape metrics provide new insights into both the main predisposing factors of landslide processes and the role of long-term morphotectonic evolution on the landslide pattern. Our results indicate a total landslide density of about 7% across the study area, with a predominance of slow-moving landslides and a highly clustered, non-random spatial distribution. Landslide-dominated landscapes, characterized by the superimposition of large deep-seated and smaller, shallow landslides, are also widespread. Analysis of the relationships between landslide patterns and metrics of landscape evolution indicates that lithological and topographic characteristics alone cannot account for the preferential occurrence of landslides in these morphotectonic domains, pointing instead to a significant role of tectonically induced landscape disequilibrium in controlling landslide distribution.
D. Gioia, G. Corrado, Lucia Contillo et al.· Natural Hazards· 0 citations
Fluvial terraces represent important geomorphological archives for reconstructing the effects of climatic fluctuations, tectonic activity, and base-level changes during Quaternary times. This study investigates the geomorphological and stratigraphic evolution of the Bradano, Basento, and Salandrella River systems within the Bradanic Foredeep of southern Italy, by means of field observations, geomorphological mapping, aerial-photo interpretation, and GIS analyses. Four relative morphostratigrafic orders of Pleistocene fluvial terraces (T1–T4) have been identified and correlated across the three drainage basins. No absolute ages are available for these surfaces. The terraced deposits consist of alternating sandy and conglomeratic bodies recording multiple episodes of incision and/or aggradation overlaying erosional surfaces developed on Pre-Quaternary bedrock. Morphometric analyses revealed significant differences in terrace elevation and relative height above the modern channels, among the three investigated basins. The Salandrella basin preserves some of the highest terraced remnants, a pattern compatible with a possible tectonic contribution related to its proximity to the Apennine mountain front. Conversely, the Basento and Bradano basins evidenced a greater influence of lithological conditions, sediment supply, and climate-controlled variations in fluvial dynamics. The results indicate that the evolution of the staircase fluvial terraces reflects the combined influence of glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations, Quaternary climatic oscillations, local geological controls, and a possible contribution from regional tectonic deformation. The regional correlation of terraced surfaces highlights the role of the external forcing in shaping landscape evolution, while local differences emphasize the importance of catchment-scale controls within the Bradanic Foredeep.
F. Olita, S. Giano, M. Bentivenga et al.· Water· 0 citations
The Maduky Field, situated within the Coastal Swamp depobelt of the Niger Delta Basin, represents a structurally complex and geologically heterogeneous marginal field with untapped hydrocarbon potential. This study integrates 3D seismic interpretation, well log correlation, sequence stratigraphy, and petrophysical analysis to characterize its reservoir architecture and evaluate hydrocarbon volumes. Structural mapping reveals prominent listric growth faults and rollover anticlines that define three main field compartments, each with distinct depositional and trapping characteristics.
Sequence stratigraphic analysis, guided by five regionally correlated Maximum Flooding Surfaces (MFSs), delineates Genetic Sequences and system tracts (HST, TST, LST), each with unique parasequence stacking patterns and reservoir geometries. The highstand and lowstand system tracts host the most prolific reservoirs, characterized by clean, coarsening-upward sand bodies with high net-to-gross ratios and favorable porosity-permeability relationships. Petrophysical evaluation across five wells indicates effective porosity values of 20–34%, permeability ranging from 2.50 to 18 mD, and low water saturation (8–35%), confirming reservoir quality suitable for commercial exploitation. Crossplots further demonstrate the controls of porosity and depositional environment on fluid distribution and reservoir performance.
The study identifies key hydrocarbon-bearing units sealed by marine shales associated with MFSs and quantifies Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place (STOIIP) across fault blocks, highlighting potential development zones. These insights support the redevelopment of Maduky Field and provide a scalable model for optimizing marginal field performance in mature deltaic basins.
S. Onyekuru, Reginald Chinonso Maduka, T. C. Anyanwu et al.· Romanian Journal of Petroleu...· 0 citations
This study analyzes the geomorphological context, weathering processes, and evolution of granitic shelters bearing rock art in the Parque Arqueológico Provincial La Tunita (Sierra de Ancasti, Northwest Argentina), a key repository of Aguada Culture pictographs (ca. 600–900 AD). The research pursued four main objectives: (i) to characterize the spatial location and geomorphological setting of the principal shelters; (ii) to generate a three‐dimensional record of the cavities in relation to the distribution of pictographs; (iii) to identify inherited morphologies and ongoing degradative processes; and (iv) to propose a geomorphological evolutionary model for the area. Methodological procedures combined systematic photogrammetric recording with the production of 3D models. Weathering diagnosis was supported by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to determine lithological composition, alteration products, and patinas, complemented by petrographic thin sections. The evolutionary model indicates that megatafoni and vault morphologies correspond to forms developed through prolonged weathering under warm–humid conditions. The tafoni interiors show vaults and ribs, some of which display higher resistance to uniaxial compression (RCU) than the surrounding rock. Active weathering results from the combined influence of humidity, salts, and biological/anthropic agents. Weathering fronts, gypsum and calcite neoformation, together with capillary humidity, partially affect the pictographs. Physical disintegration—granular disaggregation and exfoliation—is concentrated in overhangs and block supports, where compressive stress and water infiltration through fractures compromise the edges of certain paintings.
M. M. Sampietro-Vattuone, J. L. Peña-Monné, Domingo Carlos Nazar et al.· Geoarchaeology· 0 citations
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