Beyond Technology Adoption: A Systematic Review of Institutional, Human Capital, and Governance Barriers to Sustainable Digital Transformation in Academic Libraries

Abstract

This systematic literature review explores the digital transformation (DT) landscape in university libraries between 2016 and 2026. It shows a shift in focus from technology to more important socio-institutional factors. A global review of 31 studies suggests that despite the widespread introduction of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing, the successful implementation of these technologies is still hampered by financial constraints, low digital competencies of staff and deficiencies in the institutional policy framework. It was also found that there are significant differences between developed and developing countries. For example, basic infrastructure such as power supplies that are not reliable and broadband access are problems for developing countries. The findings show that the whole sociotechnical context is important in the digital transition, including adaptive leadership, continuous professional development, and more legal and moral oversight to ensure long-term success.