Microplastics in the Environment: Integrated Perspectives on Sources, Ecological Risks, Degradation Pathways, and Sustainable Management

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are one of the emerging contaminants(ECs), which are produced wide range of human activities, and due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity they increasingly threaten the environment and have a negative impact on human health. This review presents the available literature regarding sources and classification of MPs, as well as their presence in terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. Toxicity to aquatic organisms and as well as humans is also discussed , with special emphasis on the potential for ingestion, bioaccumulation and disruption of ecological functions. Special attention is given to the degradation of MPs by abiotic processes, such as photodegradation, thermodegradation, chemical degradation and advanced oxidation processes, and by biotic processes, such as bacteria, fungi and microalgae. In addition, recent developments in the treatment technologies of MPs and the existing global policies and strategies for plastic waste management are discussed. This review compiles recent knowledge on sources, environmental impacts, degradation mechanisms, treatment methods and regulations concerning MP pollution, giving a holistic overview of sustainable strategies to alleviate its impacts.