Environmental Impact Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Selected Residential Areas in Port Harcourt Metropolis

Abstract

Indoor air pollution is an emerging environmental and public health challenge, particularly in rapidly urbanizing cities where household activities, energy use, and poor ventilation contribute to deteriorating air quality. This study assessed the environmental impact of indoor air quality in selected residential areas of Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was adopted, involving instrumental measurements of particulate matter (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀) and meteorological parameters using a BOSEAN gas meter and EGVOC air quality meter, alongside a structured questionnaire administered to 249 respondents. Measurements were taken at breathing zone height (1.1 m) across ten residential locations over a one-week period, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and compared with relevant standards. Results showed that PM₂.₅ concentrations ranged from 47.90 to 59.60 µg/m³, while PM₁₀ ranged from 54.80 to 68.40 µg/m³, with higher values recorded in densely populated and high-traffic areas such as Mile Three and Aggrey Road. Temperature ranged from 26.4°C to 28.4°C and relative humidity from 55.9% to 66.1%. Household data indicated widespread use of gas (40.2%) and kerosene (34.5%) for cooking, frequent generator use, and regular use of chemical-based household products, all contributing to indoor pollution exposure. Reported symptoms included dry throat (25.7%), headache (20.1%), and cough (12.4%). The study concludes that indoor air quality in the study area is moderately polluted and influenced by household practices and urban activities, posing potential health risks. It recommends the adoption of cleaner energy sources, improved ventilation, regulation of generator emissions, and increased public awareness to reduce exposure and improve indoor environmental quality.