TL;DR
This review synthesizes current evidence on the molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral and brain IR and examines how aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity interval training influence these pathways.
The myokine revolution has dramatically shifted the paradigm of integrated physiology, bridging exercise adaptations to the prevention of a wide range of chronic diseases. Exercise stimulates irisin synthesis and secretion, which not only regulates musculoskeletal functions but also improves physical performance and...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Its pathogenesis involves multiple interconnected mechanisms affecting skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, and systemic metabolic re...
Exercise is a low‐cost lifestyle intervention that can prevent and alleviate various diseases. It is a potent physiological stimulus that activates conserved molecular signaling pathways. Through the coordinated integration of multiple molecules, pathways, and systems, it leads to systemic health benefits. However, mos...
Skeletal muscle plays a central role in whole-body energy homeostasis, metabolic flexibility, and insulin sensitivity, acting as a key integrator of nutritional, mechanical, and pharmacological signals. Although diet, exercise, and pharmacotherapy are often investigated as separate interventions, they converge on share...
Aging is accompanied by progressive changes in endocrine signaling, metabolic regulation, and inter-organ communication that may contribute to functional decline. Sarcopenia and cognitive impairment frequently coexist in older adults, raising the possibility that their association involves disruption of communication b...
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from progressive failure of multiple interconnected metabolic nodes. This review synthesizes evidence that β-cell dedifferentiation, mediated by loss of PDX-1, MAFA, and NKX6.1 and by epigenetic silencing of their promoters, may represent a leading mechanism of β-cell dysfunction, potentia...
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