Domain-specific Pretraining Profile and Transformer Performance: Evidence from Modeling Digital Pragmatics in Arabic-English Code-switching

Abstract

This study highlights the role of domain-specific pretraining profile (DSPP) in Transformer performance for modeling digital pragmatics in Arabic-English code-switched discourse. It evaluates MARBERT and XLM-R(oBERTa), with BERT serving as a general-purpose baseline. The models were evaluated on their ability to classify context-sensitive pragmatic functions in code-switched social-media discourse. 11695 unique X posts were collected via Python and utilized for the study. The study employs a quantitative and qualitative NLP approach, following a supervised pipeline. Findings unveil that MARBERT consistently surpasses XLM-R with validation Macro F1 increasing from 0.39 to 0.84 and validation loss decreasing from 0.55 to 0.19. On an independent test set, it achieved 0.96 accuracy, 0.83 macro precision, 0.87 macro recall, and 0.85 Macro F1, while XLM-R achieved 0.92 test accuracy but a substantially lower Macro F1 of 0.52. This was also supported by class-level performance where MARBERT outperforms XLM-R considerably with F1 improvements ranging from +0.33 to +0.60, demonstrating a clear advantage in modeling Arabic digital pragmatics. The study concludes that Transformer performance depends more on DSPP than multilingual coverage alone, as the latter does not guarantee optimal performance on a highly specialized pragmatic classification task.