Earinter: A Closed-Loop System for Eating Pace Regulation with Just-in-Time Intervention Using Commodity Earbuds

Abstract

Rapid eating is common yet difficult to regulate in situ, partly because people seldom notice pace changes and sustained self-monitoring is effortful. We present Earinter, a commodity-earbud-based closed-loop system that integrates in-the-wild sensing, real-time reasoning, and theory-grounded just-in-time (JIT) intervention to regulate eating pace during daily meals. Earinter repurposes the earbud's bone-conduction voice sensor to capture chewing-related vibrations and estimate eating pace as chews per swallow (CPS) for on-device inference. With data collected equally across \modify{sessions in quiet and noisy environments}, Earinter achieves reliable chewing detection (F1 = 0.97) and accurate eating pace estimation (MAE: 0.18 $\pm$ 0.13 chews/min, 3.65 $\pm$ 3.86 chews/swallow), enabling robust tracking for closed-loop use. Guided by Dual Systems Theory and refined through two Wizard-of-Oz pilots, Earinter adopts a user-friendly design for JIT intervention content and delivery policy in daily meals. In a 13-day within-subject field study (N=14), the closed-loop system significantly increased CPS and slowed meal-level eating pace, with statistical signs of carryover on retention-probe days and generally favorable comfort and usability. These effects should be interpreted as changes in eating-pace regulation rather than evidence of weight loss. Our findings highlight how single-modality commodity earables can support practical, theory-driven closed-loop JIT interventions for regulating eating pace in the wild.