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natural language processing

6,613 papers

#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

U-Space: Uncovering When and Why Uncertainty Arises in Language Models

Large language models are informing decisions with ever-higher stakes. As the consequences of their errors grow, a central question becomes harder to ignore: how much can we trust an individual answer? Yet recognizing when to defer remains difficult because language models can present incorrect conclusions with fluent...

Tobias Braun, Nils Loose, Alexander Herzog et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Talking with Language Models

When we interact with large language models (LLMs), are we having a conversation? They are designed to invite us to treat them as intelligent interlocutors who remember, act, and make commitments. But appearances deceive. We introduce the artifactual stance, a framework that reconceives human-AI interaction as artifact...

James Ravi Kirkpatrick, Alexandru Radulescu, Rachel Katharine Sterken · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Quad-State Safety Evaluation of Open-Weight Large Language Models on Non-Canonical Inputs

Standard safety evaluations of large language models assess harmful requests written in canonical plain text, while models in real-world deployment routinely receive inputs containing emojis, altered spellings, encoded strings, and character-level variations. This work introduces the Adversarial Surface-Form Robustness...

Pavan Maddula · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

On KL-Regularized Policy Optimization

Asynchronous reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) agents trains one policy on trajectories generated by another: rollouts come from stale checkpoints, and the inference engine's probabilities differ from the trainer's even at identical parameters. Standard remedies either clip importance ratios, w...

Yifan Zhang · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

FinVector-Market-4B: A Controlled Study of LoRA Adaptation for Structured Financial Tasks

FinVector-Market-4B adapts Qwen/Qwen3.5-4B with rank-16 LoRA on a 22,000-example corpus for structured financial tasks. We evaluate the base and adapted models on the same 600-example benchmark under implicit and explicit JSON-schema contracts. Supplying the schema alone raises base-model JSON validity from 0% to 91.3%...

Alina Khaybullina · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Tiny-Scale Chinese BERT Pretraining: A Controlled Comparison of MLM, WWM, and MacBERT Strategies

Pretraining strategies significantly impact the quality of language models, yet existing comparisons of Masked Language Modeling (MLM), Whole Word Masking (WWM), and MacBERT-style replacement have focused primarily on base-scale models (>=110M parameters). This paper presents a controlled comparison of these three stra...

Yiping Bai · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

LRCC: Generalizing Low-Rank Compression with Conditional Computation

Low-rank compression reduces the cost of pretrained language models by replacing linear transformations with low-rank factorizations. However, conventional methods use a fixed rank allocation during inference, assigning the same amount of compute regardless of the input token. We introduce Low-Rank Conditional Computat...

Thomas Vaitses Fontanari, Maximo Eduardo Rulli, Federico Alvetreti et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

QuanLing: Cross-Branch Validation of Language Distance Quantification on Western Romance

Quantifying language distance among closely related languages remains a core challenge in quantitative linguistics. Our previous work [1] introduced QuanLing (Quantitative Linguistics via Pretrained Language Models), a quantitative framework combining language distance metrics (sentence embedding distance, tokenization...

Yiping Bai · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Beyond Risk Prediction: Evidence Grounding and Psychosocial Factor Verification for Explainable Suicide Risk Assessment

Identifying suicide risk from social networking services (SNS) posts is important for detecting suicide-related signals in online environments. However, risk classification alone provides limited insight into the textual evidence and psychosocial factors behind a prediction. Based on the IEEE BigData 2026 Explainable S...

Tianle Hu, Chen Peng, Yi-Hsin Tsai et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Beyond the Sycophancy Score: How Task, Model, and Pressure Shape LLM Yielding

Large language models (LLMs) often abandon a correct answer, or endorse a user's position, once the user pushes back. This behavior, called sycophancy, is usually reported as a single rate per model, which says little about when it happens or how a user can avoid it. We study the conditions that produce it with 103,939...

Guang Yang, Homa Hosseinmardi, Feng-Chen Liu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Leveraging LLM-Generated Explanations for Detecting Emotionally Rewritten Fake News

The spread of fake news may cause severe social consequences. Existing fake news detection methods mainly focus on stylistic variations or incorporate external information such as explanations. However, news articles are often rewritten under different emotional backgrounds while preserving their underlying factual cla...

Yupei Guo, Jiajun He, Xiaohan Shi et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Child ASR Adaptation with Adult Retention: An Empirical Study

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems often underperform for children and non-native speakers, while adapting adult ASR models to child speech can cause adult-speech forgetting. We study child ASR adaptation with adult retention across Arabic and English. We compare full fine-tuning, LoRA, and post-hoc weight-spac...

Houssam Eddine-Othman Lachemat, Shammur Absar Chowdhury · 0 citations

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MIT News · Artificial Intelligence Sep 24, 2026

Estimating suicide risk from text

A new language-processing tool could help identify the highest-risk individuals from natural language, enabling swifter interventions.

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