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natural language processing

7,546 papers

#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

ContextAdapt: Evaluating Contextual Adaptation and Value Alignment in LLMs

Values such as honesty, autonomy, and confidentiality are often regarded as general principles underpinning AI alignment. However, what it means to act in accordance with these values can depend on the context in which a decision is made. In this paper, we ask whether large language models (LLMs) appropriately adapt th...

Olivia Macmillan-Scott, Mirco Musolesi · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Automatic estimation of verbal fluency index in people with Motor Neuron Disease using ASR alignment and pause modelling

Monitoring cognitive impairment (CI) in motor neuron disease (MND) is essential for timely treatment and care, yet challenging due to co-occurring speech difficulties. The Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen (ECAS) provides a robust metric for CI assessment, with the Verbal Fluency Index (VFI) a central elem...

B. Mirheidari, Leslie Ing, Daniel Blackburn et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Life-Bench: A Benchmark and Knowledge Graph Framework for Multimodal Personalization Beyond Concept Recognition

As large language models increasingly power personal assistants, users expect them to reason over multimodal life histories, from recognizing people to understanding events to aggregating patterns, yet existing benchmarks primarily target concept-level recognition. We introduce Life-Bench, a fully synthetic, human-veri...

Xia Hu, Honglei Zhuang, Brian Potetz et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Agent Error Dataset: Scaling 50,000 Error--Diagnosis Pairs for Failure Analysis and Error-Aware Post-Training

An unsuccessful LLM agent rollout contains more information than its final reward: the observations available to the agent, the actions it chose, and the environment's responses. Reusing this experience for learning requires identifying a decision to revise and testing a concrete alternative. We introduce the Agent Err...

Kun-Lun Zhu, Xu-Yan Ye, Yi-Bo Li et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

GrammarRL: Effective Grammar-Constrained Decoding via Reinforcement Learning

Grammar-constrained generation guarantees syntactic validity, but can substantially degrade semantic quality when the model's preferred outputs are poorly aligned with the imposed grammar. This trade-off is particularly severe when the prompt is underspecified or the model has limited instruction-following ability. Bea...

Gabriele Tuccio, Antonino Furnari, Aldo Gangemi et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

FIGS: Evaluating Multi-Turn Sycophancy Without Penalizing Empathy

Large language models frequently fail to balance staying truthful with being supportive. They often exhibit sycophancy in responses to users, agreeing with false claims, offering unwarranted flattery, and giving advice skewed toward users'expressed views. In reality, sycophancy rarely happens in a single exchange; it m...

Sidharth Pulipaka, R. Binkytė, Ivaxi Sheth et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Learning Steganography Is Easy, Learning Steganographic Reasoning Is Hard

Chain-of-thought monitoring as an approach for AI oversight and control is threatened by the possibility of steganographic reasoning, where LLMs conceal their reasoning inside innocuous-looking text. Two neighbouring capabilities, steganographic messaging (passing a concealed message) and encoded reasoning (reasoning i...

Julian Schulz, Lukas F\"ulle, Rieke Fruengel · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

OverForge: Reasoning Through Strategies and Tactics Helps Cooperative Lifelong Adaptation

Cooperative language-model agents must coordinate over long horizons and adapt to changing environments and to partners with unfamiliar conventions, yet existing agents map observations to actions without separating persistent coordination strategies from their tactical execution. We introduce OverForge, a training-fre...

Oana Madalina Fron, Ojas Shirekar, Chirag Raman · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

A helps B while B hurts A: directed transfer in instruction-tuning mixture

Adapting a language model to a specialized corpus means choosing which instruction-tuning tasks to train on under a fixed budget, and testing one choice costs a fine-tuning run. Common heuristics add more source tasks or pick sources similar to the target. The first assumes transfer is never negative; the second, that...

Nima Siboni, Vahid Rostami · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Can Computation from Earlier Problems Help LLMs Solve New Ones?

Large language models often solve independent problems in the same conversation. Can computation from earlier problems help them solve new ones? To answer this question, we first conduct preliminary experiments showing that retained history can raise or lower later-turn accuracy, even within the same domain. To underst...

Jipei He, Wenhui Tan, Xiaoyi Yu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Understanding as No-Arbitrage: Bounded Dutch Books as a Definition and Training Objective for Language Models

Does a language model merely predict tokens, or does it understand what it says? We make this question measurable by defining"understanding"through the lens of no-arbitrage. A model understands a vocabulary to a certain degree if a computationally bounded trader cannot extract guaranteed profit by betting against the m...

Daniel Dragonevskiy · 0 citations

From tech blogs

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Microsoft Research Blog Oct 15, 2026

Proof-based general-purpose computing with Magnetar

Zero-knowledge proofs can verify computing results without rerunning workloads or exposing sensitive data. Magnetar helps bring them into the mainstream with support for standard programming languages, major speed gains, and quantum-resistant security. The post Proof-based general-purpose computing with Magnetar appeared first on Microsoft Research.

MIT News · Artificial Intelligence Sep 24, 2026

Estimating suicide risk from text

A new language-processing tool could help identify the highest-risk individuals from natural language, enabling swifter interventions.

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