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natural language processing

7,304 papers

#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

KlinikeBench: Evaluating Language Models Beyond Diagnostic Accuracy

Most clinical benchmarks evaluate language models (LMs) on diagnosis using complete case descriptions. In clinical practice, however, patients present information in different ways, and clinicians must obtain relevant history and determine which examinations are needed before reaching a diagnosis. Diagnostic accuracy a...

Xu Fang, Zehui Li, Yang Yang et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

The Backdrop Exposes What the World Around an Agent Costs It

Agent benchmarks test agents in worlds that stay still. Deployed agents work in worlds that other people also change. Someone texts the agent to send the money elsewhere or an order confirmation asks it to reply with a door code. We present BACKDROP, which asks how much of an agent's capability in a clean world survive...

Nusrat Jahan Lia, Shubhashis Roy Dipta · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

What Pretraining and Midtraining Make Learnable from Rewards?

A reward can identify a correct answer while leaving the computation needed for new inputs undetermined. We study how pretraining and midtraining supply the information and computation that make reward adaptation effective. In sequential state computation and contextual memory, we characterize mechanisms that agree on...

Chi-Wun Yang, Xiao-Yu Li · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Review Sep 2026

Policy-Conditioned AI-Use Detection: An Evidentiary Framework for Academic Publishing

Major venues now publish detailed rules about how authors, reviewers, and area chairs may use AI, and those rules differ by role, by task, and by what must be disclosed. AI detection, the instrument usually proposed to enforce them, estimates something else: whether an AI model wrote the text. We argue that this target...

J. Diaz-Rodriguez, Mu-Min Jia · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

What Was Said, Not What Was'Thought': Type-6 Logic for CoT Verification

We introduce Type-6 logic, a variant of dynamic epistemic logic augmented with two operators (uncertainty and recurrence), designed to model the inferential dynamics of contemporary large language model (LLM) chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. Type-6 accounts for common LLM reasoning pathologies such as unlicensed revis...

Adrian de Wynter · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

On the Off-Policy Teacher in On-Policy Distillation

On-policy distillation (OPD) has recently emerged as a promising post-training paradigm in which the student learns from trajectories generated by its own policy under dense teacher supervision. However, OPD introduces a fundamental asymmetry: although the sampled trajectories are on-policy for the student, they are of...

Lang-Lin Huang, Hao Liu, Mononito Goswami et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

OpenCollab: A Multi-Agent Coding Framework with Programmable Collaboration and Controllable Runtime

Multi-agent coding systems are designed to tackle complex software engineering tasks through collaboration. However, existing evaluations typically assume configured organizations are followed faithfully, whereas reality differs. This behavioral gap, combined with differences in underlying system components, prevents c...

Chun-Wah Hsu, Kai Gong, Yu Wu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Hermes: Learning Contextual Reasoning Unlocks Test-Time Scaling

Test-time scaling improves model performance by allocating additional compute during inference. Using this compute effectively across multiple context windows requires deciding how to allocate fresh contexts and what information to carry between them. We call a model's ability to make these decisions contextual reasoni...

Xinyu Li, Mononito Goswami, Hao Liu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

NinaXander: Feasibility and Limits of Composing Frozen Language Models Across Architecture Families via a Shared Latent Space

In this paper we propose NinaXander, a series of composed language models obtained by connecting layers of frozen language models from different architecture families with a single trained shared-latent adapter. A composed model runs the first layers of one model, converts the resulting intermediate representation once...

Takanori Kotama, Shun-ichiro Hayashi, Daichi Mukunoki et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

ContextAdapt: Evaluating Contextual Adaptation and Value Alignment in LLMs

Values such as honesty, autonomy, and confidentiality are often regarded as general principles underpinning AI alignment. However, what it means to act in accordance with these values can depend on the context in which a decision is made. In this paper, we ask whether large language models (LLMs) appropriately adapt th...

Olivia Macmillan-Scott, Mirco Musolesi · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Automatic estimation of verbal fluency index in people with Motor Neuron Disease using ASR alignment and pause modelling

Monitoring cognitive impairment (CI) in motor neuron disease (MND) is essential for timely treatment and care, yet challenging due to co-occurring speech difficulties. The Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen (ECAS) provides a robust metric for CI assessment, with the Verbal Fluency Index (VFI) a central elem...

B. Mirheidari, Leslie Ing, Daniel Blackburn et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Life-Bench: A Benchmark and Knowledge Graph Framework for Multimodal Personalization Beyond Concept Recognition

As large language models increasingly power personal assistants, users expect them to reason over multimodal life histories, from recognizing people to understanding events to aggregating patterns, yet existing benchmarks primarily target concept-level recognition. We introduce Life-Bench, a fully synthetic, human-veri...

Xia Hu, Honglei Zhuang, Brian Potetz et al. · 0 citations

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MIT News · Artificial Intelligence Sep 24, 2026

Estimating suicide risk from text

A new language-processing tool could help identify the highest-risk individuals from natural language, enabling swifter interventions.

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