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natural language processing

6,756 papers

#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Learning Steganography Is Easy, Learning Steganographic Reasoning Is Hard

Chain-of-thought monitoring as an approach for AI oversight and control is threatened by the possibility of steganographic reasoning, where LLMs conceal their reasoning inside innocuous-looking text. Two neighbouring capabilities, steganographic messaging (passing a concealed message) and encoded reasoning (reasoning i...

Julian Schulz, Lukas F\"ulle, Rieke Fruengel · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

OverForge: Reasoning Through Strategies and Tactics Helps Cooperative Lifelong Adaptation

Cooperative language-model agents must coordinate over long horizons and adapt to changing environments and to partners with unfamiliar conventions, yet existing agents map observations to actions without separating persistent coordination strategies from their tactical execution. We introduce OverForge, a training-fre...

Oana Madalina Fron, Ojas Shirekar, Chirag Raman · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

A helps B while B hurts A: directed transfer in instruction-tuning mixture

Adapting a language model to a specialized corpus means choosing which instruction-tuning tasks to train on under a fixed budget, and testing one choice costs a fine-tuning run. Common heuristics add more source tasks or pick sources similar to the target. The first assumes transfer is never negative; the second, that...

Nima Siboni, Vahid Rostami · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Can Computation from Earlier Problems Help LLMs Solve New Ones?

Large language models often solve independent problems in the same conversation. Can computation from earlier problems help them solve new ones? To answer this question, we first conduct preliminary experiments showing that retained history can raise or lower later-turn accuracy, even within the same domain. To underst...

Jipei He, Wenhui Tan, Xiaoyi Yu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Understanding as No-Arbitrage: Bounded Dutch Books as a Definition and Training Objective for Language Models

Does a language model merely predict tokens, or does it understand what it says? We make this question measurable by defining"understanding"through the lens of no-arbitrage. A model understands a vocabulary to a certain degree if a computationally bounded trader cannot extract guaranteed profit by betting against the m...

Daniel Dragonevskiy · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

OpenJev-RLCD: A Working RLCD Implementation

Decision models such as Jev answer questions with probabilities, which are only useful if they are calibrated. Open-source reproductions rely on supervised fine-tuning plus temperature scaling, while reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) makes reasoning models overconfident. We present a working impleme...

Zhi-Min Gao, Pi-Chao Wang · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Whose Voice Survives the Summary? A Voice-Retention Audit of LLM Employee Listening

Organizations increasingly route employee feedback to leaders through large language model (LLM) summaries, an unaudited layer that silences already-spoken voice. We introduce a Voice Retention / Representation Ratio metric for representational bias in summarization and apply it to a bilingual (English/German) corpus o...

Thilo Tamme, Anton Hantel, Bijan Khosrawi-Rad · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

When Reasoning Goes Astray: Attention Dynamics of Uncontrolled Reasoning

Large reasoning models (LRMs) improve performance on complex tasks through extended reasoning, yet the same process can degenerate into redundant verification and persistent generation loops. Such uncontrolled reasoning increases inference cost and creates risks of resource exhaustion and service degradation. However,...

Yuan-He Zhang, Ziwei Wang, Jie Ren et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

When Scientific Contradictions Are Lost in Translation

Two scientific findings can disagree without contradicting each other. Determining whether they conflict requires knowing whether they describe comparable measurements. We study how language models behave at this decision point. In a controlled task, we generate an unsatisfiable XOR constraint system and translate its...

Tal Zeevi, Trey W. Jensen, Maxwell Strome · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Towards Model as a Library: Offline, Community-Sourced AI for Low-Resource African Languages

This paper introduces MaaL, a software architecture that packages small, community-enrolled speech models as versioned on-device dependencies, enabling offline structured data collection that cannot generatively hallucinate, for populations that current language models serve worst.

F. Jean Louis · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Reach Into The CHOIR: Free-List Elicitation Uncovers Distinct Model Voices in LLM Ensembles

Open-ended LLM homogeneity can create false plurality when several systems appear to offer independent perspectives while returning the same familiar default. Single-pass answers obscure the distinction between agreement produced by a tightly constrained answer space, prompt-vocabulary echo, and broader answer spaces w...

Ben Wigler, M. Tsfasman · 0 citations

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MIT News · Artificial Intelligence Sep 24, 2026

Estimating suicide risk from text

A new language-processing tool could help identify the highest-risk individuals from natural language, enabling swifter interventions.

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