Freeze–Thaw-Induced Deterioration and Failure Mechanisms of Permeable Concrete in Cold Regions
Highlights Freeze–thaw degradation of permeable concrete was quantified up to 120 cycles. Damage evolved from paste peeling and microcracks to pore-structure failure. BPN remained above 70 after freeze–thaw cycles, indicating high skid resistance. Higher porosity accelerated strength loss, permeability decay, and pore...